Editing Persecution (section)

===Philosophers===
{{Main|Persecution of philosophers}}
{{Category see also|Persecution of philosophers}}

Philosophers throughout the [[history of philosophy]] have been held in courts and tribunals for various offenses, often as a result of their philosophical activity, and some have even been put to death.  The most famous example of a philosopher being put on trial is the case of [[Socrates]], who was tried for, amongst other charges, corrupting the youth and impiety.<ref>[http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socratestrial/f/SocratesCharge.htm "What Was the Charge Against Socrates?"] Retrieved September 1, 2009</ref> Others include:

* [[Giordano Bruno]] - pantheist philosopher who was [[burned at the stake]] by the [[Roman Inquisition]] for his heretical religious views, his cosmological views, or both;<ref>{{cite book |last=Martínez |first=Alberto A. |year=2018 |title=Burned Alive: Giordano Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/B/bo28433424.html |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-1780238968}}</ref><ref>Michael J. Crowe, ''The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750–1900'', Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 10, "[Bruno's] sources... seem to have been more numerous than his followers, at least until the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century revival of interest in Bruno as a supposed 'martyr for science.' It is true that he was burned at the stake in Rome in 1600, but the church authorities guilty of this action were almost certainly more distressed at his denial of Christ's divinity and alleged diabolism than at his cosmological doctrines."</ref>
* [[Tommaso Campanella]] - confined to a [[convent]] for his heretical views, namely, an opposition to the authority of [[Aristotle]], and later imprisoned in a castle for 27 years during which he wrote his most famous works, including ''[[The City of the Sun]]'';<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/campanella/#Year "Tommaso Campanella" - first published Wed Aug 31, 2005" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Retrieved September 1, 2009</ref>
* Baruch Spinoza - Jewish philosopher who, at age 23, was put in [[Herem (censure)|cherem]] (similar to excommunication) by [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)|Jewish religious authorities]] for [[Heresy in Judaism|heresies]] such as his controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the [[Hebrew Bible]], which formed the foundations of modern [[biblical criticism]], and the pantheistic nature of the Divine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scruton |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Scruton |date=2002 |title=Spinoza: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRf9C8H6SPUC |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |pages=144 |isbn=978-0-19-280316-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadler |first1=Steven M. |title=Spinoza: A Life |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00293-6 |pages=2, 7, 120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSe95FJrfeYC&pg=PA120}}</ref> Prior to that, he had been attacked on the steps of the community synagogue by a knife-wielding assailant shouting "Heretic!",<ref>{{cite book |last=Scruton |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Scruton |date=2002 |title=Spinoza: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRf9C8H6SPUC&pg=PA21 |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=21 |isbn=978-0-19-280316-0}}</ref> and later his books were added to the Catholic Church's [[Index of Forbidden Books]].