Editing Penicillin (section)

== Side effects ==
{{Main|Side effects of penicillin}}
Common (≥ 1% of people) [[adverse drug reaction]]s associated with use of the penicillins include [[diarrhoea]], [[hypersensitivity]], [[nausea]], [[rash]], [[neurotoxicity]], [[urticaria]], and [[superinfection]] (including [[candidiasis]]). Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of people) include [[fever]], [[vomiting]], [[erythema]], [[dermatitis]], [[angioedema]], [[seizures]] (especially in people with [[epilepsy]]), and [[pseudomembranous colitis]].<ref name="AMH2006">{{cite book|title=Australian Medicines Handbook|title-link=Australian Medicines Handbook|publisher=Australian Medicines Handbook|year=2006|isbn=978-0-9757919-2-9|veditors=Rossi S|location=Adelaide}}</ref> Penicillin can also induce [[serum sickness]] or a [[serum sickness-like reaction]] in some individuals. Serum sickness is a [[type III hypersensitivity]] reaction that occurs one to three weeks after exposure to drugs including penicillin. It is not a true drug allergy, because allergies are [[type I hypersensitivity]] reactions, but repeated exposure to the offending agent can result in an anaphylactic reaction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhattacharya S | title = The facts about penicillin allergy: a review | journal = Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–17 | date = January 2010 | doi = 10.4103/2231-4040.70513 | doi-access = free | pmid = 22247826 | pmc = 3255391 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blumenthal KG, Peter JG, Trubiano JA, Phillips EJ | title = Antibiotic allergy | journal = Lancet | volume = 393 | issue = 10167 | pages = 183–98 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30558872 | pmc = 6563335 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32218-9 }}</ref> Allergy will occur in 1–10% of people, presenting as a skin rash after exposure. IgE-mediated [[anaphylaxis]] will occur in approximately 0.01% of patients.<ref name=":1">{{cite book| vauthors = Hitchings A, Lonsdale D, Burrage D, Baker E | title = Top 100 drugs: clinical pharmacology and practical prescribing |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7020-5516-4 |pages=174–81 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone }}</ref><ref name="AMH2006" />

Pain and inflammation at the injection site are also common for [[Parenteral#Parenteral by injection or infusion|parenterally]] administered benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, and, to a lesser extent, procaine benzylpenicillin. The condition is known as [[livedoid dermatitis]] or Nicolau syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Kim KK, Chae DS |date=2015|title=Nicolau syndrome: A literature review |journal=World Journal of Dermatology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=103 |doi=10.5314/wjd.v4.i2.103|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saputo V, Bruni G | title = [Nicolau syndrome caused by penicillin preparations: review of the literature in search for potential risk factors] | journal = La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–23 | date = 1998 | pmid = 9706633 }}</ref>