Editing Penang (section)

===Topography===
[[File:Andaman Island in George Town, Penang 2024.jpg|thumb|The ongoing [[Andaman Island, Penang|Andaman Island]] reclamation project in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] {{Circa|2024}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kevin Vimal |date=26 May 2023 |title=E&O's Andaman Island Project a Great Push for Penang Green Agenda, Says CM Chow |url=https://www.buletinmutiara.com/eos-andaman-island-project-a-great-push-for-penang-green-agenda-says-cm-chow/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |work=Buletin Mutiara }}</ref> [[Land reclamation|Reclamation]] allows the creation of valuable land for urban development, particularly in land-scarce Penang.<ref name="Ramly-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Ramly |first=Salwa |date=January 2008 |title=Impact on the Coastal Areas of the Tanjung Tokong Land Reclamation Project, Penang, Malaysia |url=https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1317634&fileOId=1317635 |journal=[[Lund University]] }}</ref>]]
Penang Island is irregularly shaped, with a hilly and mostly forested interior. The island's coastal plains are narrow, with the most extensive plain located at the northeastern cape.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lim |first=H. S. |date=2011 |title=TSS Mapping Using THEOS Imagery over Penang Island, Malaysia |journal=[[Universiti Sains Malaysia]] }}</ref> George Town, which started off as a small settlement at the northeastern tip of the island, has expanded over the centuries to encompass the entire island, although the marshy western coast remains relatively underdeveloped.<ref name="Chau-2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chau |first=Loon Wai |date=2005 |title=Probing Different Centralities in City Regions: A Space-Syntactic Approach |url=http://eprints.utm.my/6177/1/Chau_5SSS_FAB.pdf |journal=Techne Press |volume=1 }}</ref> The highest point of the state is [[Penang Hill]], which stands at a height of {{cvt|833|m|}} at the centre of the island. On the other hand, Seberang Perai has mostly flat topography, save for a hilly region along the eastern border with Kedah.<ref name="Rahman-2000b">{{Cite journal |last=Abd. Rahman |first=Abdul Hadi |date=Sep 2000 |title=Coastal Sedimentation and Recent Coastline Changes Along the Seberang Perai Coast, Pulau Pinang |url=https://gsmpubl.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/agc2000_24.pdf |journal=[[University of Malaya]] }}</ref>

Due to land scarcity in George Town, [[land reclamation]] projects have been undertaken at high-demand areas, particularly along the island's east coast.<ref name="Ramly-2008" /><ref name="Chee-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Chee |first=Su Yin |date=13 August 2017 |title=Land Reclamation and Artificial Islands: Walking the Tightrope Between Development and Conservation |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131015356.pdf |journal=[[Universiti Sains Malaysia]] |volume=12 |page=80 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2017.08.005 |bibcode=2017GEcoC..12...80C }}</ref> In 2023, a massive reclamation project commenced off the city's southern coast to build the {{cvt|920|ha|acre|adj=on}} [[Silicon Island]], envisioned as a new hub for high-tech manufacturing and commerce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opalyn Mok |date=1 September 2023 |title=Penang CM: Preliminary Works on Man-Made Silicon Island Starts Today |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/09/01/penang-cm-preliminary-works-on-man-made-silicon-island-starts-today/88405 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=[[Malay Mail]] |language=en }}</ref> Following years of reclamation works, the [[Gurney Drive, George Town|Gurney Drive]] shoreline is also being transformed into [[Gurney Bay]], intended as "a new iconic waterfront destination for Penang".<ref name="Opalyn Mok-2016">{{Cite news |last=Opalyn Mok |date=23 February 2016 |title=Gurney Wharf, Penang's New Waterfront Park-in-the-City |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/02/23/gurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city/1066141 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Malay Mail]] }}</ref>

The major rivers within Penang include the [[Pinang River (Penang)|Pinang]], [[Perai River|Perai]], [[Muda River|Muda]] and [[Kerian River|Kerian]] rivers. The Muda River serves as the northern border between Seberang Perai and [[Kedah]], while the Kerian River forms part of the southern boundary between Seberang Perai, Kedah and [[Perak]].<ref name="Rahman-2000a">{{Cite journal |last=Abd. Rahman |first=Abdul Hadi |date=Sep 2000 |title=Coastal Sedimentation and Recent Coastline Changes Along the Seberang Perai Coast, Pulau Pinang |url=https://gsmpubl.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/agc2000_24.pdf |journal=[[University of Malaya]] }}</ref>