Editing Pedro I of Brazil (section)

=== Portuguese Civil War ===
{{main|Liberal Wars}}
[[File:Pedro I of Brazil 1833.jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=Lithographic half-length portrait depicting a middle-aged man with a full beard and wearing a military tunic with epaulets, sash and large medal|Pedro, Duke of Braganza, at age 35, 1833. After their invasion of Portugal, he and his soldiers swore not to shave their beards until [[Maria II of Portugal|Maria&nbsp;II]] was restored.{{sfn|Lustosa|2006|p=323}}]]
At dawn on the morning of 7 April, Pedro, his wife, and others, including his daughter Maria&nbsp;II and his sister Ana de Jesus, were taken on board the British warship [[HMS Warspite (1807)|HMS ''Warspite'']]. The vessel remained at anchor off Rio de Janeiro, and, on 13 April, the former emperor transferred to and departed for Europe aboard [[HMS Volage (1825)|HMS ''Volage'']].{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|pp=254–257}}{{sfn|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|pp=117, 119, 142–143}} He arrived in [[Cherbourg-Octeville]], France, on 10 June.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=257}}{{sfn|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|pp=149, 151}} During the next few months, he shuttled between France and Great Britain. He was warmly welcomed, but received no actual support from either government to restore his daughter's throne.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|pp=257–260, 262}} Finding himself in an awkward situation because he held no official status in either the Brazilian Imperial House or in the Portuguese Royal House, Pedro assumed the title of [[Duke of Braganza]] on 15 June, a position that once had been his as heir-apparent to Portugal's crown. Although the title should have belonged to Maria&nbsp;II's heir-apparent, which he certainly was not, his claim was met with general recognition.{{sfn|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|p=158}}{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=259}} On 1 December, his only daughter by Amélie, [[Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil|Maria Amélia]], was born in Paris.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=267}}

He did not forget his children left in Brazil. He wrote poignant letters to each of them, conveying how greatly he missed them and repeatedly asking them to seriously attend to their educations. Shortly before his abdication, Pedro had told his son and successor: "I intend that my brother Miguel and I will be the last badly educated of the Braganza family".{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=281}}{{sfn|Calmon|1975|p=36}} [[Charles Napier (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Napier]], a naval commander who fought under Pedro's banner in the 1830s, remarked that "his good qualities were his own; his bad owing to want of education; and no man was more sensible of that defect than himself."{{sfn|Costa|1995|p=117}}{{sfn|Jorge|1972|p=203}} His letters to Pedro&nbsp;II were often couched in language beyond the boy's reading level, and historians have assumed such passages were chiefly intended as advice that the young monarch might eventually consult upon reaching adulthood.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=257}}{{efn-ua|A notable passage in a missive to Pedro&nbsp;II gives an insight into the Duke of Braganza's political philosophy: "The era in which princes were respected solely because they are simply princes has ended; in the century in which we live, in which the peoples are quite well informed of their rights, it is necessary that princes should be and also should know that they are men and not divinities, that for them knowledge and good sense are indispensable so that they are the more quickly loved than respected. The respect of a free people for their ruler ought to be born of the conviction which they hold that their ruler is capable of making them achieve that level of happiness they aspire to; and if such is not the case, unhappy ruler, unhappy people"<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Barman|1999|p=40}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1950|p=214}},
* {{harvnb|Lustosa|2006|p=318}}.
</ref>}}

While in Paris, the Duke of Braganza met and befriended [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Gilbert du Motier, Marquis of Lafayette]], a veteran of the [[American Revolutionary War]] who became one of his staunchest supporters.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=259}}{{sfn|Lustosa|2006|p=306}} With limited funds, Pedro organized a small army composed of Portuguese liberals, like [[Almeida Garrett]] and [[Alexandre Herculano]], foreign mercenaries and volunteers such as Lafayette's grandson, Adrien Jules de Lasteyrie.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|pp=268–269}},
* {{harvnb|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|pp=201, 204}},
* {{harvnb|Costa|1995|pp=222, 224}}.
</ref> On 25 January 1832, Pedro bade farewell to his family, Lafayette and around two hundred well-wishers. He knelt before Maria&nbsp;II and said: "My lady, here is a Portuguese general who will uphold your rights and restore your crown." In tears, his daughter embraced him.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Lustosa|2006|p=320}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1950|p=207}},
* {{harvnb|Costa|1995|p=222}}.
</ref> Pedro and his army sailed to the Atlantic archipelago of the [[Azores]], the only Portuguese territory that had remained loyal to his daughter. After a few months of final preparations they embarked for mainland Portugal, entering the city of [[Porto]] unopposed on 9 July. His brother's troops moved to encircle the city, [[siege of Porto|beginning a siege]] that lasted for more than a year.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Costa|1972|pp=174–179}},
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|pp=269–271, 274}},
* {{harvnb|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|pp=221–223}}.
</ref>