Editing Out-of-body experience (section)

===Miss Z study===

In 1968, [[Charles Tart]] conducted an OBE experiment with a subject known as Miss Z for four nights in his sleep laboratory. The subject was attached to an [[Electroencephalography|EEG machine]] and a five-digit code was placed on a shelf above her bed. She did not claim to see the number on the first three nights but on the fourth gave the number correctly.<ref>Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren. (1989). ''Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking''. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 126. {{ISBN|0-8058-0508-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions |last=Carroll |first=Robert Todd |author-link=Robert Todd Carroll |year=2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, NJ |edition=Illustrated |page=110 |isbn=978-0-471-27242-7}}</ref> The psychologist [[James Alcock]] criticized the experiment for inadequate controls and questioned why the subject was not visually monitored by a [[video camera]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Parapsychology, Science or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective |last=Alcock |first=James E. |author-link=James Alcock |year=1981 |publisher=Pergamon Press |pages=130–131 |isbn=978-0-08-025773-0}}</ref> [[Martin Gardner]] has written the experiment was not evidence for an OBE and suggested that whilst Tart was "snoring behind the window, Miss Z simply stood up in bed, without detaching the electrodes, and peeked."<ref>{{cite book|title=How Not to Test a Psychic: Ten Years of Remarkable Experiments with Renowned Clairvoyant Pavel Stepanek |last=Gardner |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gardner |year=1989 |publisher=Prometheus Books |page=246 |isbn=978-0-87975-512-6}}</ref> [[Susan Blackmore]] wrote "If Miss Z had tried to climb up, the brain-wave record would have showed a pattern of interference. And that was exactly what it did show."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Adventures of a Parapsychologist |author-last=Blackmore |author-first=Susan J. |author-link=Susan Blackmore |date=1986 |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=Buffalo, NY |page=176 |isbn=978-0-87975-360-3}}</ref>