Editing Orpheus in the Underworld (section)

==Revivals==
===France===
[[File:Atelier Nadar - Fly scene from Offenbach's Orphée aux enfers with Jeanne Granier as Eurydice and Eugène Vauthier as Jupiter, 1887 revival, wide-angle shot.jpg|thumb|alt=man dressed as a giant fly hovering over a reclining young woman|upright=1.5|right|[[Jeanne Granier]] and [[Eugène Vauthier]] as Eurydice and Jupiter, 1887 – {{lang|fr|"Bel insecte à l'aile dorée"}}]]

Between the first run and the first Paris revival, in 1860, the Bouffes-Parisiens company toured the French provinces, where {{lang|fr|Orphée aux enfers}} was reported as meeting with "immense" and "incredible" success".<ref name=mw>"Music and Theatres in Paris", ''The Musical World'', 1 September 1860, p. 552; and "Petit Journal", ''Le Figaro'', 20 September 1860, p. 7 (in French)</ref> Tautin was succeeded as Eurydice by [[Delphine Ugalde]] when the production was revived at the Bouffes-Parisiens in 1862 and again in 1867.<ref name=g276/>

The first revival of the 1874 version was at the Théâtre de la Gaîté in 1875 with Marie Blanche Peschard as Eurydice.<ref name=g276>Gänzl and Lamb, p. 276</ref> It was revived again there in January 1878 with Meyronnet (Orphée), Peschard (Eurydice), [[Christian Perrin|Christian]] (Jupiter), Habay (Pluton) and [[Pierre Grivot]] as both Mercure and John Styx,<ref>Noël and Stoullig (1879), p. 354</ref> For the [[Exposition Universelle (1878)|Exposition Universelle]] season later that year Offenbach revived the piece again,<ref>Gammond, pp. 124–125</ref> with Grivot as Orphée, Peschard as Eurydice,<ref name=n364/> the composer's old friend and rival [[Hervé (composer)|Hervé]] as Jupiter<ref>Yon, p. 581, and Gammond, p. 124</ref> and Léonce as Pluton.<ref name=n364>Noël and Stoullig (1879), p. 364</ref> The opera was seen again at the Gaîté in 1887 with Taufenberger (Orphée), [[Jeanne Granier]] (Eurydice), [[Eugène Vauthier]] (Jupiter) and Alexandre (Pluton).<ref>Noel and Stoullig (1888), p. 287</ref> There was a revival at the [[Éden-Théâtre]] (1889) with Minart, Granier, Christian and Alexandre.<ref>Noël and Stoullig (1890), p. 385</ref>

20th-century revivals in Paris included productions at the Théâtre des Variétés (1902) with Charles Prince (Orphée), Juliette Méaly (Eurydice), Guy (Jupiter) and [[Albert Brasseur]] (Pluton),<ref>Stoullig, p. 225</ref> and in 1912 with Paul Bourillon, Méaly, Guy and Prince;<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5354235/f3.item.r=Guy%20Jupiter%20Offenbach.zoom "Courrier des Spectacles"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507090036/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5354235/f3.item.r%3DGuy%2520Jupiter%2520Offenbach.zoom |date=2019-05-07 }}, ''Le Gaulois: littéraire et politique'', 10 May 1912, p. 1 (in French)</ref> the [[Théâtre Mogador]] (1931) with Adrien Lamy, Manse Beaujon, [[Max Dearly]] and [[Lucien Muratore]];<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k296819f/f6.item.r=Orphee%20Jupiter%20Eurydice.zoom "Orphée aux enfers au Théâtre Mogador"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507090036/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k296819f/f6.item.r%3DOrphee%2520Jupiter%2520Eurydice.zoom |date=2019-05-07 }}, ''Le Figaro'', 22 December 1931, p. 6 (in French)</ref> the [[Opéra-Comique]] (1970) with Rémy Corazza, Anne-Marie Sanial, [[Michel Roux (baritone)|Michel Roux]] and Robert Andreozzi;<ref>[https://data.bnf.fr/fr/42610700/orphee_aux_enfers_spectacle_1970/ "Orphée aux enfers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215041/https://data.bnf.fr/fr/42610700/orphee_aux_enfers_spectacle_1970/ |date=2019-04-26 }}, Bibliothèque nationale de France. (in French) Retrieved 26 April 2019</ref> the Théâtre de la Gaïté-Lyrique (1972) with [[Jean Giraudeau]], Jean Brun, Albert Voli and Sanial; and by the Théâtre français de l'Opérette at the Espace Cardin (1984) with multiple casts including (in alphabetical order) [[André Dran]], Maarten Koningsberger, Martine March, Martine Masquelin, Marcel Quillevere, Ghyslaine Raphanel, [[Bernard Sinclair]] and [[Michel Trempont]].<ref name=g276/> In January 1988 the work received its first performances at the [[Paris Opéra]], with [[Michel Sénéchal]] (Orphée), Danielle Borst (Eurydice), [[François Le Roux]] (Jupiter), and [[Laurence Dale]] (Pluton).<ref>De Brancovan, Mihai. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/44184939 "La Vie Musicale"]''Revue des Deux Mondes'', March 1988, pp. 217–218 (in French) {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430045816/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44184939 |date=2019-04-30 }}</ref>

In December 1997 a production by [[Laurent Pelly]] was seen at the [[Opéra National de Lyon]], where it was filmed for DVD, with [[Yann Beuron]] (Orphée), [[Natalie Dessay]] (Eurydice), [[Laurent Naouri]] (Jupiter) and [[Jean-Paul Fouchécourt]] (Pluton) with [[Marc Minkowski]] conducting.<ref name=lyon/> The production originated in Geneva, where it had been given in September – in a former hydroelectric plant used while the stage area of the [[Grand Théâtre de Genève|Grand Théâtre]] was being renovated – by a cast headed by Beuron, [[Annick Massis]], Naouri, and [[Éric Huchet]].<ref>Kasow, J. "Massis's Eurydice – report from Geneva", ''[[Opera Magazine|Opera]],'' January 1998, pp. 101–102</ref>

===Continental Europe===
The first production outside France is believed to have been at [[Wrocław|Breslau]] in October 1859.<ref name=g72/> In December of the same year the opera opened in Prague. The work was given in German at the [[Carltheater]], Vienna, in March 1860 in a version by [[Ludwig Kalisch]], revised and embellished by [[Johann Nestroy]], who played Jupiter. Making fun of Graeco-Roman mythology had a long tradition in the popular theatre of Vienna, and audiences had no difficulty with the disrespect that had outraged Jules Janin and others in Paris.<ref>Gier, Albert. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/43784581 "La fortune d'Offenbach en Allemagne: Traductions, Jugements Critiques, Mises en Scène"], ''Lied Und Populäre Kultur'', 57 (2012), pp. 161–180 (in French) {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430043031/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43784581 |date=2019-04-30 }}</ref> It was for this production that Carl Binder put together the version of the overture that is now the best known.<ref name=simeone/> There were revivals at the same theatre in February and June 1861 (both given in French) and at the [[Theater an der Wien]] in January 1867. 1860 saw the work's local premieres in Brussels, Stockholm, Copenhagen and Berlin.<ref name=g276/> Productions followed in Warsaw, St Petersburg, and Budapest, and then Zurich, Madrid, Amsterdam, Milan and Naples.<ref name=g72/>

Gänzl mentions among "countless other productions{{nbsp}}[...] a large and glitzy German revival under [[Max Reinhardt]]" at the [[Großes Schauspielhaus]], Berlin in 1922.<ref name=g1552>Gänzl, p. 1552</ref>{{refn|Gänzl notes that initially other Offenbach operas were more popular in other countries – {{lang|fr|[[La belle Hélène]]}} in Austria and Hungary, {{lang|fr|[[Geneviève de Brabant]]}} in Britain and {{lang|fr|[[La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein]]}} in the US – {{lang|fr|Orphée}} was always the favourite in Germany.<ref name=g1552/>|group=n}} A more recent Berlin production was directed by [[Götz Friedrich]] in 1983;<ref>Holloway, Ronald. [https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/1139869FAE24BA98"The Arts: Orpheus in the Underworld/Berlin"], ''The Financial Times'', 29 December 1983, p. 5 {{subscription required}}</ref> a video of the production was released.<ref name=gf>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/854864814 Orpheus in der Unterwelt], Worldcat. Retrieved 9 May 2019. {{oclc|854864814}}</ref> 2019 productions include those directed by Helmut Baumann at the [[Vienna Volksoper]],<ref>[https://www.culturall.com/ticket/ivop/performance_schedule.mc?view=month&year=2019&month=6&type=month_menu&process_mode=normal "Orpheus in der Unterwelt"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018090843/https://www.culturall.com/ticket/ivop/performance_schedule.mc?view=month&year=2019&month=6&type=month_menu&process_mode=normal |date=2020-10-18 }}, Volksoper, Vienna. Retrieved 21 April 2019</ref> and by [[Barrie Kosky]] at the [[Kleines Festspielhaus|Haus für Mozart]], [[Salzburg]], with a cast headed by [[Anne Sophie von Otter]] as L'Opinion publique, a co-production between the [[Salzburg Festival]], [[Komische Oper Berlin]] and [[Deutsche Oper am Rhein]].<ref>[https://www.salzburgerfestspiele.at/en/p/orphee-aux-enfers "Orphée aux enfers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421125752/https://www.salzburgerfestspiele.at/en/p/orphee-aux-enfers |date=2019-04-21 }}, Salzburg Festival. Retrieved 21 April 2019</ref>

===Britain===
[[File:Orphée-aux-enfers-Royalty-London-1876.jpg|thumb|alt=cover of theatre programme with drawing of the cast in ancient Greek costume|Programme for the 1876 London production, given in English despite the French title]]
The first London production of the work was at [[Her Majesty's Theatre]] in December 1865, in an English version by [[J. R. Planché]] titled ''Orpheus in the Haymarket''.<ref name=hay>"Haymarket", ''The Athenaeum'', 30 December 1865, p. 933</ref>{{refn|This production featured [[David Nunn Fisher|David Fisher]] (Orpheus), Louise Keeley (Eurydice), [[William Farren Jr.|William Farren]] (Jupiter) and (Thomas?) Bartleman (Pluto).<ref name=hay/>|group=n}} There were [[West End theatre|West End]] productions in the original French in 1869 and 1870 by companies headed by [[Hortense Schneider]].<ref name=l1869>"The London Theatres", ''The Era'', 18 July 1869, p. 11</ref><ref name=l1870>"Princess's Theatre", ''The Morning Post'', 23 June 1870, p. 6</ref>{{refn|In the 1869 cast at the [[St James's Theatre]], Schneider appeared with M. Beance (Orphée), L. Desmonts (Jupiter) and [[José Dupuis]] (Pluton);<ref name=l1869/> in 1870, at the [[Princess's Theatre, London|Princess's Theatre]], she appeared with Henri Tayau (Orphée), M. Desmonts (Jupiter) and M. Carrier (Pluton).<ref name=l1870/>|group=n}} English versions followed by [[Alfred Thompson (librettist)|Alfred Thompson]] (1876) and [[Henry Sambrooke Leigh|Henry S. Leigh]] (1877).<ref name=e76>"The Royalty", ''The Era'', 31 December 1876, p. 12</ref><ref name=lr>"Alhambra Theatre", ''The London Reader'', 26 May 1877, p. 76</ref>{{refn|These productions were at [[Royalty Theatre]] and the [[Alhambra Theatre]], and featured, respectively, [[Walter H. Fisher|Walter Fisher]] (Orpheus), [[Kate Santley]] (Eurydice), J. D. Stoyle (Jupiter) and Henry Hallam (Pluto),<ref name=e76/> and M. Loredan (Orpheus), Kate Munroe (Eurydice), Harry Paulton (Jupiter) and W. H. Woodfield (Pluto).<ref name=lr/>|group=n}} An adaptation by [[Herbert Beerbohm Tree]] and [[Alfred Noyes]] opened at His Majesty's in 1911.<ref name=a11>"Dramatic Gossip", ''The Athenaeum'', 23 December 1911, p. 806</ref>{{refn|The 1911 production had additional music by [[Frederic Norton]], and featured [[Courtice Pounds]] (Orpheus), Eleanor Perry (Eurydice), [[Frank Stanmore (actor)|Frank Stanmore]] (Jupiter) and Lionel Mackinder (Pluto).<ref name=a11/>|group=n}} The opera was not seen again in London until 1960, when a new adaptation by [[Geoffrey Dunn (20th century singer, actor, director and translator)|Geoffrey Dunn]] opened at [[Sadler's Wells Theatre]];<ref name=cm>Mason, Colin. "Jolly good fun", ''The Guardian'', 19 May 1960, p. 11</ref>{{refn|The 1960 production featured Kevin Miller (Orpheus), [[June Bronhill]] (Eurydice), [[Eric Shilling]] (Jupiter) and [[Jon Weaving]] (Pluto).<ref name=cm/>|group=n}} this production by Wendy Toye was frequently revived between 1960 and 1974.<ref>"A Modern Orpheus", ''The Times'', 18 May 1960, p.18; "Racy Production of Orpheus", ''The Times'', 15 August 1961, p. 11; "Bank Holiday in Hades", ''The Times'', 24 April 1962, p. 14; Sadie, Stanley. "Spacious Orpheus", ''The Times'', 23 August 1968, p. 12; and Blyth, Alan. "Victory for Sadler's Wells Opera over name", ''The Times'', 4 January 1974, p. 8</ref> An English version by [[Snoo Wilson]] for [[English National Opera]] (ENO), mounted at the [[London Coliseum]] in 1985,<ref>Gilbert, pp. 372–373</ref> was revived there in 1987.<ref>Hoyle, Martin. "British Opera Diary: Orpheus in the Underworld. English National Opera at the London Coliseum, May 2", ''[[Opera (British magazine)|Opera]]'', July 1987, p. 184</ref> A co-production by [[Opera North]] and the [[D'Oyly Carte Opera Company]] in a version by [[Jeremy Sams]] opened in 1992 and was revived several times.<ref>Higgins, John. [https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=TTDA&u=wellcome&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CIF0503324663&asid=1667707200000~e8aae01f "A midsummer night's pantomime"], ''The Times'', 23 June 1992, p. 2[S]; and Milnes, Rodney. [https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DTTDA%26u%3D%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CIF0503356838&prodId=TTDA#fullCitation&source=Bookmark&u=wellcome&jsid=b9d23de8e4d88c90dc747c66144f2d64 "All down to a hell of a good snigger"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105132311/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DTTDA%26u%3D%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CIF0503356838&prodId=TTDA#fullCitation&source=Bookmark&u=wellcome&jsid=b9d23de8e4d88c90dc747c66144f2d64 |date=2022-11-05 }}, ''The Times'', 22 March 1993, p. 29</ref> In 2019 ENO presented a new production directed by [[Emma Rice]], which opened to unfavourable reviews.<ref>Canning, Hugh. "Vulgar down below", ''The Sunday Times'', 13 October 2019, p. 23; Maddocks, Fiona. "The week in classical", ''The Observer'', 12 October 2019, p. 33; Morrison, Richard. "Offenbach without bite: Emma Rice's ENO debut is too earnest and not funny enough", ''The Times'', 7 October 2019, p. 11; Jeal, Erica. "Orpheus in the Underworld", ''The Guardian'', 6 October 2019, p. 11; Christiansen, Rupert. "Orpheus falls victim to the curse of the Coli", ''The Daily Telegraph'', 7 October 2019, p. 24; and Hall, George, [https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2019/orpheus-in-the-underworld-emma-rice-review-at-london-coliseum/ "Orpheus in the Underworld review at London Coliseum – Emma Rice's misjudged production"], ''The Stage'', 6 October 2019.</ref> 

===Outside Europe===
The first New York production was at the [[Stadt Theater]], in German, in March 1861; the production ran until February 1862. Two more productions were sung in German: December 1863 with Fritze, Knorr, Klein and Frin von Hedemann and December 1866 with Brügmann, Knorr, Klein and Frin Steglich-Fuchs.<ref name=g276/> The opera was produced at the [[Fourteenth Street Theatre|Theatre Français]] in January 1867 with Elvira Naddie, and at the [[Fifth Avenue Theatre]] in April 1868 with [[Lucille Tostée]]. In December 1883 it was produced at the [[Bijou Theatre (Manhattan, 1878)|Bijou Theatre]] with Max Freeman, Marie Vanoni, [[Digby Bell]] and Harry Pepper.<ref name=g276/>  There were productions in Rio de Janeiro in 1865, Buenos Aires in 1866, Mexico City in 1867 and [[Valparaiso]] in 1868.<ref name=g72>Gammond, p. 72</ref> The opera was first staged in Australia at the [[Princess Theatre (Melbourne)|Princess Theatre, Melbourne]] in March 1872, in Planché's London text, with [[Alice May]] as Eurydice.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5861134 "The Opera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421191913/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5861134 |date=2019-04-21 }}, ''The Argus'', 1 April 1872, p. 2</ref>

A spectacular production by Reinhardt was presented in New York in 1926.<ref>"The Miracle Revival", ''The New York Times'', 4 April 1929, p. 23</ref> The [[New York City Opera]] staged the work, conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]], in 1956, with [[Sylvia Stahlman]] as Eurydice and [[Norman Kelley]] as Pluto.<ref>Taubman, Howard. "Opera", ''The New York Times'', 21 September 1956, p. 31</ref> More recent US productions have included a 1985 version by [[Santa Fe Opera]],<ref>Dierks, Donald. [https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/117928B8D3440F09 "SFO has romp with 'Orpheus'"], ''The San Diego Union'', 3 August 1985 {{subscription required}}</ref> and the 1985 ENO version, which was staged in the US by the [[Houston Grand Opera]] (co-producers) in 1986, and [[Los Angeles Opera]] in 1989.<ref name=dg>Gregson, David. [https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/1178CB2D92E2C1B7 "'Orpheus' is infernal fun, but overdone"], ''The San Diego Union'', 17 June 1989, p. C-8 {{subscription required}}</ref>

===21st century worldwide===
In April 2019 the [[Operabase]] website recorded 25 past or scheduled productions of the opera from 2016 onwards, in French or in translation: nine in Germany, four in France, two in Britain, two in Switzerland, two in the US, and productions in [[Gdańsk]], [[Liège]], [[Ljubljana]], [[Malmö]], Prague and Tokyo.<ref>[https://www.operabase.com/home/en "Offenbach"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319065003/https://www.operabase.com/home/en |date=19 March 2019 }}, Operabase. Retrieved 21 April 2019</ref>