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== References == === Notes === {{notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last1=Aertsen |first1=Jan A. |editor1-last=Kim |editor1-first=Jaekwon |editor2-last=Sosa |editor2-first=Ernest |editor3-last=Rosenkrantz |editor3-first=Gary S. |title=A Companion to Metaphysics |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-5298-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ2xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |language=en |chapter=Aquinas, St. Thomas |date=2009 |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622161543/https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ2xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Albertazzi |first1=Liliana |editor1-last=Poli |editor1-first=Roberto |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Peter |title=Formal Ontology |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-015-8733-4 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-8733-4_8 |language=en |chapter=Formal and Material Ontology |series=Nijhoff International Philosophy Series |date=1996 |volume=53 |pages=199–232 |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-8733-4_8 |access-date=2024-06-20 |archive-date=2024-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618170706/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-8733-4_8 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Ambuel |first1=David |chapter=Ontology in Indian Philosophy |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontology-in-indian-philosophy/v-1 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |access-date=22 June 2024 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-F063-1 |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625092240/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontology-in-indian-philosophy/v-1 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=D. M. |title=Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-161542-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbGI46EoQKEC&pg=PA26 |language=en |date=2010 |access-date=2024-06-12 |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608085417/https://books.google.com/books?id=pbGI46EoQKEC&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Aspenson |first1=Steven Scott |title=The Philosopher's Tool Kit |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-29291-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pp4YDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |language=en |date=2016 |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624164317/https://books.google.com/books?id=pp4YDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Babkin |first1=Eduard |last2=Ulitin |first2=Boris |title=Ontology-Based Evolution of Domain-Oriented Languages: Models, Methods and Tools for User Interface Design in General-Purpose Software Systems |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-42202-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A37lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |language=en |date=2024 |access-date=2024-06-17 |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617092518/https://books.google.com/books?id=A37lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Baird |first1=Forrest |title=Philosophic Classics: Asian Philosophy |volume=4 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-21745-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Am1QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |language=en |date=2017 |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621165405/https://books.google.com/books?id=Am1QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Balaguer |first1=Mark |title=Philosophy of Mathematics |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-093058-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&pg=PA36 |language=en |chapter=Realism and Anti-Realism in Mathematics |date=2009 |access-date=2024-06-12 |archive-date=2024-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602085737/https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Bangu |first1=Sorin |title=The Applicability of Mathematics in Science: Indispensability and Ontology |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-28520-0 |language=en |date=2012 }} * {{cite book |last1=Banhatti |first1=G. S. |title=Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda |date=1995 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-291-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jK5862eV7_EC |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Benovsky |first1=Jiri |title=Meta-metaphysics: On Metaphysical Equivalence, Primitiveness, and Theory Choice |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-25334-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |language=en |date=2016 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326184744/https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Berthrong |first1=John H. |title=Neo-Confucian Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/neo-confucian-philosophy/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=31 March 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206021859/https://iep.utm.edu/neo-confucian-philosophy/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite 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|editor1-first=Andrew |title=Logic in Religious Discourse |publisher=Ontos Verlag |isbn=978-3-11-031957-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mioW_kp5gzUC&pg=PA35 |language=en |chapter=On Two Questions of the New Logic of India |date=2013 |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121030/https://books.google.com/books?id=mioW_kp5gzUC&pg=PA35 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Bigelow |first1=John C. |chapter=Particulars |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-1 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=24 March 2024 |language=en |date=1998 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N040-1 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325125017/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-1 |url-status=live |publisher=Routledge }} * {{cite book |last1=Bigelow |first1=John C. |chapter=Universals |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-1 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |access-date=25 March 2024 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N065-1 |date=1998a |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325183852/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-1 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Lawrence |first1=David Peter |editor-last1=Bilimoria |editor-first1=Puruṣottama |editor-last2=Rayner |editor-first2=Amy |title=History of Indian Philosophy |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-30976-9 |chapter=Tantra and Kashmiri Śaivism}} * {{cite book |last1=Blanchette |first1=Patricia A. |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |chapter=Realism in the Philosophy of Mathematics |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/realism-in-the-philosophy-of-mathematics/v-1 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=2 June 2024 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-Y066-1 |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224102949/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/realism-in-the-philosophy-of-mathematics/v-1 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Boedeker |first1=Edgar C. |editor1-last=Dreyfus |editor1-first=Hubert L. |editor2-last=Wrathall |editor2-first=Mark A. |title=A Companion to Heidegger |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-99724-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhiAcSw201kC&pg=PA156 |language=en |chapter=Phenomenology |date=2008 |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625163740/https://books.google.com/books?id=mhiAcSw201kC&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Bogen |first1=James |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 |language=en |chapter=Relations |date=2005 }} * {{cite book |last1=Borghini |first1=Andrea |title=A Critical Introduction to the Metaphysics of Modality |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4725-2194-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifw8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |language=en |date=2016 |access-date=2024-06-12 |archive-date=2024-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602175236/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifw8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Brenner |first1=Andrew |title=Mereological Nihilism and the Special Arrangement Question |journal=Synthese |volume=192 |issue=5 |doi=10.1007/s11229-014-0619-7 |date=2015 |pages=1295–1314 |url=https://philarchive.org/rec/BREMNA }} * {{cite book |last1=Brenner |first1=Andrew |title=Personal Ontology: Mystery and Its Consequences |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-36707-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3n1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |language=en |date=2024 |access-date=2024-06-17 |archive-date=2024-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616092255/https://books.google.com/books?id=L3n1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |url-status=live }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Brown |first1=James Robert |last2=Fehige |first2=Yiftach |title=Thought Experiments |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=29 October 2021 |date=2019 |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121022040/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Buren |first1=Franziska van |title=Aristotle and the Ontology of St. Bonaventure |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=978-94-6270-356-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnWzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |language=en |date=2023 |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121036/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnWzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Calef |first1=Scott |title=Dualism and Mind |url=https://iep.utm.edu/dualism-and-mind/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623215936/https://iep.utm.edu/dualism-and-mind/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Keith |editor1-last=Borchert |editor1-first=Donald M. |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7: Oakeshott – Presupposition |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0-02-865787-5 |edition=2 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ontology |chapter=Ontology |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129034430/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ontology |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Casati |first1=Filippo |last2=Fujikawa |first2=Naoya |title=Existence |url=https://iep.utm.edu/existenc/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=7 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225105/https://iep.utm.edu/existenc/ |url-status=live |issn=2161-0002 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ceder |first1=Simon |title=Towards a Posthuman Theory of Educational Relationality |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-04417-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lElnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1985 |language=en |date=2018 |chapter=Framing Posthumanism |access-date=2024-06-12 |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608121137/https://books.google.com/books?id=lElnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1985 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Ceylan |first1=Yasin |title=A Critical Approach to the Avicennian Distinction of Essence and Existence |journal=Islamic Studies |date=1993 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=329–337 |jstor=20840134 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840134 |issn=0578-8072 |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-date=2023-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811233755/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840134 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Chai |first1=David |title=Dao Companion to Xuanxue 玄學 (Neo-Daoism) |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-49228-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSAAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |language=en |date=2020 |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402085428/https://books.google.com/books?id=LSAAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Chakravartty |first1=Anjan |title=Scientific Realism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-realism/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2 June 2024 |date=2017 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430100433/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-realism/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Chalmers |first1=David |editor1-last=Chalmers |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Manley |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Wasserman |editor3-first=Ryan |title=Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954604-6 |chapter=Ontological Anti-Realism |date=2009 }} * {{cite book |last1=Chicco |first1=David |last2=Masseroli |first2=Marco |title=Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: ABC of Bioinformatics |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-811432-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA832 |language=en |chapter=Biological and Medical Ontologies: Protein Ontology (PRO) |date=2018 |access-date=2024-06-29 |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628172943/https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA832 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Chihara |first1=Charles S. |title=The Worlds of Possibility |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246557.003.0005 |chapter=Anti-Modal Realism |date=2001 |pages=142–181 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246557.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-924655-7 }} * {{cite web |last1=Cisney |first1=Vernon W. |title=Differential Ontology |url=https://iep.utm.edu/differential-ontology/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523214030/https://iep.utm.edu/differential-ontology/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Coggins |first1=Geraldine |title=Could There Have Been Nothing?: Against Metaphysical Nihilism |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-29524-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBh_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |language=en |date=2010 |access-date=2024-06-20 |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170427/https://books.google.com/books?id=tBh_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Colyvan |first1=Mark |title=The Indispensability of Mathematics |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803144-4 |language=en |date=2001 }} * {{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Roy T. |title=Dictionary of Philosophical Logic |date=2009 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3197-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfaqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |language=en |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816072055/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfaqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Cornell |first1=David |title=Material Composition |url=https://iep.utm.edu/mat-comp/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=30 June 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325135146/https://iep.utm.edu/mat-comp/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=Damiano |title=Persistence in Time |url=https://iep.utm.edu/per-time/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817000848/https://iep.utm.edu/per-time/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Cowling |first1=Sam |chapter=Universals |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-2 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=25 March 2024 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N065-2 |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170813/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-2 |url-status=live |publisher=Routledge }} * {{cite book |last1=Craig |first1=Edward 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|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-108973-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBBADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57 |language=en |chapter=Wolff's Close Shafe with Fatalism |date=2017 |access-date=2024-06-17 |archive-date=2024-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616092245/https://books.google.com/books?id=uBBADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Michael P. |title=Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-91157-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAYyLrfsZvUC |language=en |date=2002 |access-date=2024-06-12 |archive-date=2024-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611165737/https://books.google.com/books?id=GAYyLrfsZvUC |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Linnebo |first1=Øystein |title=Platonism in the Philosophy of Mathematics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/platonism-mathematics/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2 June 2024 |date=2024 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125182359/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/platonism-mathematics/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Liston |first1=Michael |title=Scientific Realism and Antirealism |url=https://iep.utm.edu/scientific-realism-antirealism/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314000448/https://iep.utm.edu/scientific-realism-antirealism/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Littlejohn |first1=Ronnie |title=Daoist Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/daoismdaoist-philosophy/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329075541/https://iep.utm.edu/daoismdaoist-philosophy/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Lizzini |first1=Olga |title=Ibn Sina's Metaphysics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=23 June 2024 |date=2021 |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165434/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Look |first1=Brandon C. |title=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2 April 2024 |date=2020 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805133308/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Lopez |first1=Carlos |editor1-last=Melton |editor1-first=J. Gordon |editor2-last=Baumann |editor2-first=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1426 |language=en |chapter=India, Hinduism in: Medieval Period |date=2010 |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141146/https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1426#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Lorini |first1=Gualtiero |editor1-last=Kauark-Leite |editor1-first=Patricia |editor2-last=Cecchinato |editor2-first=Giorgia |editor3-last=Figueiredo |editor3-first=Virginia De Araujo |editor4-last=Ruffing |editor4-first=Margit |editor5-last=Serra |editor5-first=Alice |title=Kant and the Metaphors of Reason |publisher=Georg Olms Verlag |isbn=978-3-487-15124-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rY1mCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |language=en |chapter=Kant's Metaphor by Analogy Between Ontology and Transcendental Philosophy |date=2015 |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623170222/https://books.google.com/books?id=rY1mCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Loux |first1=Michael J. |last2=Crisp |first2=Thomas M. |title=Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-63933-1 |edition=4}} * {{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=E. J. |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 |language=en |chapter=Ontology |date=2005 }} * {{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=E. J. |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 |language=en |chapter=Being |date=2005a |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141657/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=E. J. |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 |language=en |chapter=Existence |date=2005b |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141657/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=E. J. |title=The Four-Category Ontology: A Metaphysical Foundation for Natural Science |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-925439-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7ISDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |language=en |date=2006 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Ludwig |first1=David |last2=Weiskopf |first2=Daniel A. |title=Ethnoontology: Ways of World-building Across Cultures |journal=Philosophy Compass |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=9 |doi=10.1111/phc3.12621 |s2cid=199516840 |quote=Consider the animism debate. Animists consider nonhuman entities (e.g., plants, forests, or rivers) as intentional actors (Harvey, 2005). There is substantial evidence that animism is a widespread metaphysical view. For example, the Nayaka people of South India consider not only certain animals but also stones, hills, cups, and knives to be devaru: beings that stand in active, quasi-social relationships with them (Bird-David, 1999). Devaru are aspects of a larger kin structure that incorporates potential "partners" in the nonhuman world. In addition to these ethnographic observations, there are intriguing cross-cultural similarities in animist ontologies. Indigenous communities around the world tend to be much more permissive in their ascription of intentionality than Western participants (Ojalehto, Douglas, & García, 2017). |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |last1=Lupisella |first1=Mark |title=Cosmological Theories of Value: Science, Philosophy, and Meaning in Cosmic Evolution |date=2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-25339-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JTyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |language=en |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605173449/https://books.google.com/books?id=3JTyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=MacBride |first1=Fraser |title=Relations |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=2020 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141656/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=MacIntyre |first1=Alasdair |editor1-last=Borchert |editor1-first=Donald M. |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=978-0-02-865781-3 |edition=2 |volume=1 |chapter=Being |date=2006 }} * {{cite web |last1=Mackie |first1=Penelope |title=Existence |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/existence/v-1 |website=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |access-date=7 August 2023 |language=en |date=1998 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230551/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/existence/v-1 |url-status=live |issn=2161-0002 }} * {{cite book |last1=Mackie |first1=Penelope |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 |language=en |chapter=Events |date=2005 |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141657/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=MacLeod |first1=Mary C. |last2=Rubenstein |first2=Eric M. |title=Universals |url=https://iep.utm.edu/universa/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224193719/https://iep.utm.edu/universa/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Marenbon |first1=John |editor1-last=Marenbon |editor1-first=John |title=The Cambridge Companion to Boethius |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-82815-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYSVbvnDL8IC&pg=PA6 |language=en |chapter=Introduction: Reading Boethius Whole |date=2009 |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402120923/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYSVbvnDL8IC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Marshall |first1=Dan |last2=Weatherson |first2=Brian |title=Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Properties |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intrinsic-extrinsic/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=2023 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140207/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intrinsic-extrinsic/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Masseroli |first1=Marco |title=Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: ABC of Bioinformatics |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-811432-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA813 |language=en |chapter=Biological and Medical Ontologies: Introduction |date=2018 |access-date=2024-06-29 |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628171434/https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA813 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Maurin |first1=Anna-Sofia |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |chapter=Particulars |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-2/sections/particulars-thick-or-thin |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N040-2 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325125022/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-2/sections/particulars-thick-or-thin |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Brian P. |editor-last1=Audi |editor-first1=Robert |title=The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63722-0 |edition=2 |date=1999 }} * {{cite web |last1=Menzel |first1=Christopher |title=Possible Worlds |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/possible-worlds/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=24 March 2024 |date=2023 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141659/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/possible-worlds/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |author1=Merriam-Webster |title=Definition of Ontology |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ontology |website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=17 June 2024 |language=en |date=2024 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706190701/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ontology |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Kristie |chapter=Persistence |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/persistence/v-1/sections/1-four-accounts-of-persistence |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=26 March 2024 |language=en |doi=10.4324/0123456789-N126-1 |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326184119/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/persistence/v-1/sections/1-four-accounts-of-persistence |url-status=live |publisher=Routledge }} * {{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=A. 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The Philosophy of Logical Atomism |date=2003 |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402234006/https://books.google.com/books?id=kGGmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Mumford |first1=Stephen |title=Metaphysics: A Very Short Introduction |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965712-4 |edition=1}} * {{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Michael |title=Existence |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=6 August 2023 |date=2022 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903000135/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Ney |first1=Alyssa|author1-link=Alyssa Ney |title=Metaphysics: An Introduction |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-415-64074-9}} * {{cite book |last1=Neyrat |first1=Frederic |title=Literature and Materialisms |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-19845-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_nJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 |language=en |date=2020 }} * {{cite book |last1=Niiniluoto |first1=Ilkka |title=Critical Scientific Realism |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-159809-8 |date=2002 }} * {{cite web |last1=Noonan |first1=Harold |last2=Curtis |first2=Ben |title=Identity |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=28 March 2024 |date=2022 |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723085907/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Nuñez Erices |first1=Gonzalo |title=Boundaries and Things. 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|isbn=978-1-5381-2436-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ27DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |language=en |date=2019 |access-date=2024-06-20 |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170428/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ27DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Scott |first=Michael W. |title=The Anthropology of Ontology (Religious Science?) |date=2013 |issue=4 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |volume=19 |pages=859–872 |doi=10.1111/1467-9655.12067 |jstor=42001687 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001687 |quote=Since roughly the 1990s, a growing number of anthropologists have become interested in the study of ontology – the investigation and theorization of diverse experiences and understandings of the nature of being itself. This generally takes the form of ethnographic accounts of indigenous non-Western modes and models of being, presented in more or less explicit contrast with aspects of a Euro-American or modern ontology imputed to conventional anthropology. |access-date=2022-09-24 |archive-date=2022-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924082557/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001687 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Shaffer |first1=Michael J. |title=The Problem of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions and Conceptual Analysis |journal=Metaphilosophy |volume=46 |issue=4–5 |doi=10.1111/meta.12158 |date=2015 |pages=555–563 |url=https://philarchive.org/rec/SHATPO-64 }} * {{cite book |last1=Shields |first1=Christopher |title=Aristotle |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-95214-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_pwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 |language=en |date=2014 |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617133338/https://books.google.com/books?id=A_pwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Sider |first1=Theodore |editor1-last=Chalmers |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Manley |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Wasserman |editor3-first=Ryan |title=Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954604-6 |chapter=Ontological Realism |date=2009 }} * {{cite book |last1=Sider |first1=Theodore |title=Logic for Philosophy |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-265881-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GK8SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |language=en |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816072051/https://books.google.com/books?id=GK8SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Simons |first1=Peter |title=Ontology Meets Ontologies: Philosophers as Healers |journal=Metascience |volume=18 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s11016-009-9308-4 |date=2009 |pages=469–473 }} * {{cite book |last1=Simons |first1=Peter |editor1-last=Kanzian |editor1-first=Christian |title=Persistence |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-032705-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql27m77IveQC&pg=PA166 |language=en |chapter=The Thread of Persistence |date=2013 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329053018/https://books.google.com/books?id=ql27m77IveQC&pg=PA166 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Rebekah |editor1-last=Dhillon |editor1-first=Jaskiran |title=Indigenous Resurgence: Decolonialization and Movements for Environmental Justice |date=2022 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-80073-247-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhwrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |language=en |chapter=Righting Names: The Importance of Native American Philosophies of Naming for Environmental Justice |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507030212/https://books.google.com/books?id=yhwrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Smart |first1=Ninian |title=World Philosophies |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41188-2 |edition=2}} * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Barry |last2=Klagges |first2=Bert |editor1-last=Munn |editor1-first=Katherine |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=Barry |title=Applied Ontology: An Introduction |publisher=Ontos Verlag |isbn=978-3-938793-98-5 |chapter=Philosophy and Biomedical Information Systems |date=2008 }} * {{cite web |last1=Sorensen |first1=Roy |title=Nothingness |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nothingness/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=17 August 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=30 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830021344/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nothingness/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Spear |first1=Andrew D. |title=Husserl, Edmund: Intentionality and Intentional Content |url=https://iep.utm.edu/huss-int/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=16 June 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416164538/https://iep.utm.edu/huss-int/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Sprigge |first1=T. 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Jonathan |title=Ontological Dependence |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dependence-ontological/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=2020 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142225/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dependence-ontological/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Taliaferro |first1=Charles |last2=Marty |first2=Elsa J. |title=A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion |edition=2 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-2526-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ZBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |language=en |date=2018 |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617175332/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ZBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Tallant |first1=Jonathan |title=Metaphysics: An Introduction |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-3500-0671-3 |edition=Second |date=2017 }} * {{cite book |last1=Tambassi |first1=Timothy |title=The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-64033-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtYtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |language=en |date=2017 }} * {{cite book |last1=Tambassi |first1=Timothy |editor1-last=Tambassi |editor1-first=Timothy |title=Studies in the Ontology of E. J. Lowe |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-3-86838-213-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkCdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |language=en |chapter=The Riddle of Reality |date=2022 |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142227/https://books.google.com/books?id=JkCdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Textor |first1=Mark |title=States of Affairs |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/states-of-affairs/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=3 July 2024 |date=2021 |archive-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611161235/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/states-of-affairs/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Thomasson |first1=Amie L. |title=Experimental Philosophy and the Methods of Ontology |journal=Monist |volume=95 |issue=2 |doi=10.5840/monist201295211 |date=2012 |pages=175–199 }} * {{cite web |last1=Thomasson |first1=Amie |title=Categories |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/categories/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=20 March 2024 |date=2022 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154635/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/categories/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Kirill |title=Zhu Xi |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zhu-xi/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=6 July 2024 |date=2021 }} * {{cite book |last1=Thomson |first1=Ian |editor1-last=Dahlstrom |editor1-first=Daniel O. |title=Interpreting Heidegger: Critical Essays |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50042-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1JS4X_1ORgC&pg=PA114 |language=en |chapter=Ontotheology |date=2011 |access-date=2024-06-29 |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628171430/https://books.google.com/books?id=S1JS4X_1ORgC&pg=PA114 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Tuomela |first1=Raimo |last2=Hakli |first2=Raul |last3=Mäkelä |first3=Pekka |title=Social Ontology in the Making |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-061767-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P23cDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9 |language=en |chapter=Social Ontology in the Making: An Introduction |date=2020 |access-date=2024-06-20 |archive-date=2024-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618170705/https://books.google.com/books?id=P23cDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Vaidya |first1=Anand Jayprakash |last2=Wallner |first2=Michale |editor1-last=Koslicki |editor1-first=Kathrin |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Michael J. |title=The Routledge Handbook of Essence in Philosophy |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-01688-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W34IEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA473 |language=en |chapter=Conferralism; |date=2024 |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142729/https://books.google.com/books?id=W34IEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Van Inwagen |first1=Peter |title=Relational Vs. Constituent Ontologies |journal=Philosophical Perspectives |volume=25 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/j.1520-8583.2011.00221.x |date=2011 |pages=389–405 }} * {{cite web |last1=Van Inwagen |first1=Peter |title=Existence |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/existence |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=7 August 2023 |language=en |date=2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629022444/https://www.britannica.com/topic/existence |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Van Inwagen |first1=Peter |title=Metaphysics |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-40916-0 |edition=5 |date=2024 }} * {{cite web |last1=Van Inwagen |first1=Peter |last2=Sullivan |first2=Meghan |last3=Bernstein |first3=Sara |title=Metaphysics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaphysics/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=17 March 2024 |date=2023 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916103726/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaphysics/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Varzi |first1=Achille |title=Mereology |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=25 March 2024 |date=2019 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928232840/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Vernekar |first1=Sanjyot D. Pai |title=Aurobindonian Ontology: Salient Peculiarities |journal=The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy |doi=10.5840/wcp20-paideia199813282 |date=1998 |pages=81–86 |isbn=978-1-63435-051-8 }} * {{cite book |last1=Vineberg |first1=Susan |editor1-last=Preyer |editor1-first=Gerhard |editor2-last=Peter |editor2-first=Georg |title=Philosophy of Mathematics: Set Theory, Measuring Theories, and Nominalism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-032368-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NJavSp-DbwC&pg=PA133 |language=en |chapter=Is Indispensability Still a Problem for Fictionalism? |date=2013 |access-date=2024-06-17 |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617092527/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NJavSp-DbwC&pg=PA133 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Wardy |first1=Robert |chapter=Categories |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-1 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |access-date=22 March 2024 |language=en |date=1998 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N005-1 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322183105/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-1 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Weir |first1=Alan |title=Formalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/formalism-mathematics/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2 June 2024 |date=2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201100923/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/formalism-mathematics/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Westacott |first1=Emrys |title=Moral Relativism |url=https://iep.utm.edu/moral-re/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216115535/https://iep.utm.edu/moral-re/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Westerhoff |first1=Jan |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |chapter=Categories |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-2 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=8 June 2024 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N005-2 |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608121134/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-2 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Wheeler |first1=Michael |title=Martin Heidegger |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=19 June 2024 |date=2020 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206061907/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Widder |first1=Nathan |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Graham |title=Deleuze's Philosophical Lineage |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3195-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvWqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |language=en |chapter=John Duns Scotus |date=2009 |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142731/https://books.google.com/books?id=tvWqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Thomas |title=John Duns Scotus |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-scotus/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=25 June 2024 |date=2022 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611075435/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-scotus/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Wittgenstein |first1=Ludwig |translator-last1=Pears |translator-first1=David |translator-last2=McGuinness |translator-first2=Brian |title=Tractatus Logico-philosophicus |orig-date=1921 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-25562-2 |date=2001 }} * {{cite book |last1=Woznicki |first1=Christopher Grzegorz |title=T. F. Torrance's Christological Anthropology: Discerning Humanity in Christ |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-20134-4 |date=2022 }} * {{cite book |last1=Wu |first1=Guo |title=An Anthropological Inquiry Into Confucianism: Ritual, Emotion, and Rational Principle |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-5432-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRVmEAAAQBAJ |language=en |date=2022 |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404092849/https://books.google.com/books?id=zRVmEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Yao |first1=Zhihua |chapter=The Cognition of Nonexistent Objects: Five Yogācāra Arguments |editor-last1=Liu |editor-first1=Jeeloo |editor-last2=Berger |editor-first2=Douglas |title=Nothingness in Asian Philosophy |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-68383-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZjOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |language=en |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811074249/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5nOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=Niki |title=Object, Reduction, and Emergence: An Object-Oriented View |journal=Open Philosophy |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/opphil-2020-0159 |date=2021 |pages=83–93 }} * {{cite book |last1=Yu |first1=Liyang |title=A Developer's Guide to the Semantic Web |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-43796-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcmoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA357 |language=en |date=2014 |access-date=2024-06-29 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142732/https://books.google.com/books?id=vcmoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA357#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Jiayan |title=One and Many: A Comparative Study of Plato's Philosophy and Daoism Represented by Ge Hong |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-6118-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl4EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |language=en |date=2011 |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142732/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl4EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} {{refend}}
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