Editing Neo-fascism (section)

== Americas ==
=== Argentina ===
In Argentina, a notable advocate of neo-fascism was president [[María Estela Martínez de Perón]], who applied [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] policies under the fascist police organization [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance|Triple A]] and [[Neoliberalism|economic market opening]] policies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Santucho |first=Julio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUDjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22fascista%22+%22Isabel+peron%22 |title=Los últimos guevaristas: surgimiento y eclipse del Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo |date=1988 |publisher=Puntosur Editores |isbn=978-950-9889-17-0 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finchelstein |first=Federico |date=2014-07-02 |title=When Neo-Fascism Was Power in Argentina |url=https://publicseminar.org/2014/07/when-neo-fascism-was-power-in-argentina/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Public Seminar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=M |first=Pedro N. Miranda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIsNAAAAYAAJ&q=%22fascista%22+%22Isabel+peron%22 |title=Terrorismo de estado: testimonio del horror en Chile y Argentina |date=1989 |publisher=Editorial Sextante |language=es}}</ref> Perón made a direct apology to fascism by performing the [[Roman salute]] in an appearance on the national radio network.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-01-14 |title=María Estela Martínez, 'Isabelita Perón' |language=es |work=El País |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2007/01/14/internacional/1168729204_740215.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=1134-6582}}</ref>  The [[National Reorganization Process]] is also considered a neo-fascist or fascist dictatorship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rizki |first=Cole |date=2020-10-01 |title=No State Apparatus Goes to Bed Genocidal Then Wakes Up Democratic |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/radical-history-review/article/2020/138/82/166692/No-State-Apparatus-Goes-to-Bed-Genocidal-Then |journal=Radical History Review |volume=2020 |issue=138 |pages=82–107 |doi=10.1215/01636545-8359271 |s2cid=224990803 |issn=0163-6545 |quote=On March 24, 1976, the Argentine military staged a coup d'état and established a fascist dictatorship that perpetrated genocide for seven years. |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829004348/https://read.dukeupress.edu/radical-history-review/article/2020/138/82/166692/No-State-Apparatus-Goes-to-Bed-Genocidal-Then |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ie5tAAAAMAAJ |title=Report on Anti-semitism in Argentina |date=2006 |publisher=Social Research Center of DAIA |chapter=The use of the Nazi-Fascist Discourse by Argentinean Governments |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114153120/https://books.google.com/books?id=ie5tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/943710572 |title=Global Latin America: into the twenty-first century |date=2016 |first1=Matthew C. |last1=Gutmann |first2=Jeff |last2=Lesser |isbn=978-0-520-96594-2 |location=Oakland, California |oclc=943710572 |quote=It was a sacrifice of some questionable lives to preserve the Proceso, the National Process of Reorganization to make Argentina conform to a right-wing fascist version of Catholicism. |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114153136/https://www.worldcat.org/title/943710572 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Finchelstein |first=Federico |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863194632 |title=The ideological origins of the dirty war: fascism, populism, and dictatorship in twentieth century Argentina |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-993024-1 |location=Oxford |oclc=863194632 |quote=The Last Military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983) was many things. Outside its concentration camps it presented the facade of a typical authoritarian state. Within them, however, it was fascist. |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114153130/https://www.worldcat.org/title/863194632 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Brazil ===

The Brazilian government of [[Jair Bolsonaro]] is cited as the rising point of neo-fascism in South America in the 21st century,<ref name="Löwy">{{cite web |last=Löwy |first=Michael |date=24 October 2019 |title=Neofascismo: um fenômeno planetário – o caso Bolsonaro |url=http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/78-noticias/593814-neofascismo-um-fenomeno-planetario-o-caso-bolsonaro |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Revista IHU Online |publisher=Instituto Humanitas Unisinos}}</ref><ref name="Viel">{{cite web |last=Viel |first=Ricardo |date=29 July 2019 |title=Manuel Loff: "O bolsonarismo é o neofascismo adaptado ao Brasil do século 21" |url=https://apublica.org/2019/07/o-bolsonarismo-e-o-neofacismo-adaptado-ao-brasil-do-seculo-21/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Agências Pública}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pereira |first=Roni |title=Dissecando o neofascismo de Jair Bolsonaro |url=https://ronikurono.jusbrasil.com.br/artigos/635153860/dissecando-o-neofascismo-de-jair-bolsonaro |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Jusbrasil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2018 |title=O governo Bolsonaro, o neofascismo e a resistência democrática |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/o-governo-bolsonaro-o-neofascismo-e-a-resistencia-democratica/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Le Monde Diplomatique}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Filho |first=João |date=17 November 2019 |title=Novo projeto de poder de Bolsonaro, a Aliança pelo Brasil é o primeiro partido neofascista do país |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/11/17/alianca-pelo-brasil-bolsonaro-neofascista/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=The Intercept Brasil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Caldeira |first=Gabriel |date=1 June 2020 |title=Bolsonarismo está mais radical, diz estudioso de neofascismo |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/bolsonarismo-esta-mais-radical-diz-estudioso-de-neofascismo,a23691794639a6d9f4a077bed4ac3677hozxmwal.html |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Terra}}</ref><ref name="Bonavides">{{cite web |last=Bonavides |first=Natália |date=23 March 2020 |title=O lado mais sombrio do neofascismo do governo Bolsonaro |url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/opiniao/forum/o-lado-mais-sombrio-do-neofascismo-do-governo-bolsonaro/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Congresso em Foco}}</ref> based on the [[Denialism|denial]] of science, bellicose rhetoric and authoritarian measures that withdraw rights from the population linked to a strongly [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] economic policy.<ref name="PMC7139254">{{cite journal |last=de Souza |first=Marcelo |year=2020 |title=The land of the past? Neo-populism, neo-fascism, and the failure of the left in Brazil |journal=Political Geography |volume=83 |page=102186 |doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102186 |pmc=7139254 |pmid=32292250}}</ref><ref name="poder360">{{cite web |last=Guaracy |first=Thales |date=18 January 2020 |title=Bolsonaro faz do negacionismo um instrumento político, escreve Thales Guaracy |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/opiniao/governo/bolsonaro-faz-do-negacionismo-um-instrumento-politico-escreve-thales-guaracy/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Poder360}}</ref><ref name="OGlobo">{{cite web |last=Chacra |first=Guga |date=15 May 2020 |title=O negacionismo de Bolsonaro entrará para a história da pandemia |url=https://blogs.oglobo.globo.com/guga-chacra/post/o-negacionismo-de-bolsonaro-entrara-para-historia-da-pandemia.html |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=O Globo}}</ref><ref name="RevistaEpoca">{{cite web |last=Gherman |first=Michel |date=28 March 2020 |title=Bolsonaro, O negacionista: politica e ciência em tempos de Corona |url=https://epoca.globo.com/michel-gherman/coluna-bolsonaro-negacionista-politica-ciencia-em-tempos-de-corona-24332846 |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Revista Época}}</ref><ref name="Bonavides" /> As a result of factors such as [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|opposition to Workers' Party]], fear and reaction to the [[2013 protests in Brazil|2013 protests]], as well as the [[2008 financial crisis]] and [[2014 Brazilian economic crisis]], Jair Bolsonaro emerged as a viable option, not because of a well-defined strategic project, but almost accidentally.<ref name=":01">CORDEIRO, Andrey Ferreira (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OPH0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Lulismo,+bolsonarismo+e+a+crise+brasileira:+do+desenvolvimento+dependente+a++uma+pol%C3%ADtica+auton%C3%B4mica&pg=PA141 "Lulismo, bolsonarismo e a crise brasileira: do desenvolvimento dependente a uma política autonômica"]. Em: BARBOSA, Fabio; etal; O pânico como política: o Brasil no imaginário do Lulismo em crise. Mauad Editora, Rio de Janeiro.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rocha |first=Igor |date=3 September 2019 |title=Governo Bolsonaro: ala "técnica" é, também, ideológica |url=https://entendendobolsonaro.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2019/09/03/ala-tecnica-do-governo-bolsonaro-e-tambem-ideologica/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=entendendobolsonaro.blogosfera.uol.com.br |language=pt-br |quote=É necessário ter em mente que todas as "alas" da base deste e de outros governos é ideológica e isso, em si, não é um problema. Afirmar o contrário apenas indica que alguns comportamentos ideológicos de muitos agentes do governo Bolsonaro se tornaram senso comum, sendo naturalizados a ponto de, mesmo ideológicos, não serem percebidos dessa maneira.}}</ref> In this way, the multiplicity of groups that make up the Bolsonarism, the different wings (military, ideological, religious, capital, etc.) present pragmatic disagreements, strategies, objectives and distinct methods.<ref name=":0" /> The core of this Brazilian neo-fascism converged its interests and rhetoric with [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] [[Fundamentalism|religious fundamentalism]] and both allied themselves with military sectors and liberal [[think tanks]],<ref name="PMC7139254" /> so that within [[Jair Messias Bolsonaro|bolsonarism]] there is a power bloc made up of non-fascist conservatives and [[Far-right politics|far-right]] neo-fascists; although still without the support of the broad and fanatical mass movement which was the basis of European fascism.<ref name="PMC7139254" />

=== United States ===
{{See also|Fascism in North America|Alt-right|Radical right (United States)|Donald Trump and fascism}}

Groups which are identified as neo-fascist in the [[United States]] generally include [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] organizations and movements such as the [[Proud Boys]],<ref>Belam, Martin and Gabatt, Adam (September 30, 2020) [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/30/proud-boys-who-are-far-right-group-that-backs-donald-trump "Proud Boys: who are the far-right group that backs Donald Trump?"] ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> the [[National Alliance (United States)|National Alliance]], and the [[American Nazi Party]]. The [[Institute for Historical Review]] publishes [[negationist]] historical papers which are often of an [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] nature. The [[alt-right]]—a loosely connected coalition of individuals and organizations which advocates a wide range of [[Far-right politics|far-right]] ideas, from [[Dark Enlightenment|neoreactionaries]] to [[White nationalism|white nationalists]]—is often included under the [[umbrella term]] "neo-fascist", because alt-right individuals and organizations advocate a radical form of authoritarian [[ultranationalism]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Motadel |first=David |date=2017-08-17 |title=The United States was never immune to fascism. Not then, not now {{!}} David Motadel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/17/fascism-history-united-states |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227024947/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/17/fascism-history-united-states |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=2017-11-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Support for neo-fascism has also increased with the [[Trump administration]], pushing [[anti-immigration]] ideals and [[nationalism]] to the forefront of American politics