Editing Napoleonic Wars (section)

=== Serbian Revolution ===
{{Main|First Serbian Uprising}}
The [[Serbian Revolution]] coincided with the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)]] (in which the French diplomat, [[Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta]] played a very important role in provoking the war), which were a proxy conflict of the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|Coalition Wars]], having most of the time [[Revolutionary Serbia|Serbs revolutionaries]] the [[Russo-Serbian Alliance (1807)|support]] of the Russian Empire, while the [[Ottoman Empire]] was an [[Franco-Ottoman alliance#A final, but short-lived, alliance|ally]] of the French Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State |url=https://staff.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lecture5.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=staff.lib.msu.edu |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416210131/https://staff.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lecture5.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Meriage">{{Cite journal |last=Meriage |first=Lawrence P. |date=September 1978 |title=The First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question |journal=Slavic Review |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=421–439 |doi=10.2307/2497684 |jstor=2497684 |issn=0037-6779 }}</ref> This was due to the fact that both empires feared [[Napoleon]]'s moves to the east as the subsequent [[Peace of Pressburg (1805)|Peace of Pressburg]] brought France into Balkan affairs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of the Serbian Insurrections 1804–1817 |url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/Serbia/c_SerbianInsurrection.html |first1=Dale |last1=Pappas |date=May 2009 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Napoleon Series |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610013140/https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/Serbia/c_SerbianInsurrection.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The most radical and liberal rebels were also inspired in some way by the [[French Revolution]] (specially the rise of [[nationalism]]) and the autonomy of the [[Illyrian Provinces]] (Serbs initially felt that French presence in the region could have developed into military aid in support of the insurrection against Ottoman rule as a [[Sister republic]], but Napoleon didn't want to increase Russian or Austrian influence in the region).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Meriage"/>
[[File:Afanasij Scheloumoff, Battle of Mišar.jpg|thumb|In August 1806, the rebels defeated the Ottomans at the [[Battle of Mišar]]]]
During the first phase, from 1804 to 1806, it was a [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[Reactionary|reaction]] to new abuses by the [[Janissaries]] and [[Dahis]], after they killed [[Hadji Mustafa Pasha|Hadyi Mustafa Pasha]] (vizier of the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]]. He created a militia of Serb notables and realized the [[Slaughter of the Knezes]], because the Janissaries, expelled from [[Belgrade]], found refuge with [[Osman Pazvantoğlu]], governor of the [[Sanjak of Vidin]] (in present-day [[Bulgaria]]), who pursued his own policy and sought independence, which brought him into conflict with the Serbs and later with the [[Sublime Porte]]. Thus, the Serbs appealed to [[Sultan]] [[Selim III]] for assistance against the Dahis, who had since rejected the authority of the Porte. Also, [[Karađorđe]] negotiated with the Austrian captain Sajtinski. At this meeting, he expressed the wish of the Serbian people that the [[Austrian Empire]] receive him as a kingdom under his protection like in the [[Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739)|past]], as [[Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–1791)|occupation of 1788–1791]] was still a fresh memory. However, the Austrian authorities, due to difficulties with Napoleon and because they wanted to maintain their neutrality, in order to be correct with the Porte, could not accept his offers. So, the Serbs were forced to ask for the protection of the Russians, and therefore, on May 3, 1804, the Serb leaders sent a letter to the Russian envoy in [[Constantinople]], in which they spoke of the problems and wishes of the Serbian people, but they also stressed that they would continue to be loyal to the Sultan. Due to the recent [[Russo-Ottoman alliance]] against France's expanding influence in the [[Balkans]] (the approach of French troops to the Turkish territories, like [[French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)|occupation of Corfu and other Ionian islands in 1797–99]], influenced the Porte to conclude an alliance with Russia in 1798), the Russian government had a neutral policy toward the Serbian revolt until summer 1804, in which the goal was now to having Constantinople recognize Russia as the guarantor of peace in the region.<ref>Vucinich, Wayne S. The First Serbian Uprising, 1804–1813. Social Science Monographs, Brooklyn College Press, 1982.</ref>

In 1806, the Serbs rejected [[Ičko's Peace]] (the Ottomans seemed ready to grant [[Ottoman Serbia|Serbia]] autonomy, similar to that enjoyed by neighbouring [[Wallachia]], in order to enter in the Napoleonic Wars as an ally of the French) as they desired Russian support for their independence, starting a new phase of the [[First Serbian Uprising|uprising]] in which the Serbs planned to create their own [[Nation state|national state]], which would also include the territories of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], as well as the pashaliks of [[Vidin]], [[Nis (Serbia)|Nis]], [[Leskovac]], and [[Pazardzhik Province|Pazar]]. Also, in the [[Traditionalist conservatism|Traditionalist]] circles of Serbia rebels,<ref name="ReferenceA">''Ослобођење, независност и уједињење Србије и Црне Горе''. Београд: Историјски музеј Србије. 1999. p. 116.</ref> [[Petar I Petrović-Njegoš|Petar I]] of [[Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro|Montenegro]] developed a plan in 1807 to restore the medieval [[Serbian Empire]] ("Slaveno–Serb empire"), consisting on unify [[Podgorica]], [[Spuž]], [[Žabljak]], the [[Bay of Kotor]], [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]], [[Herzegovina]], [[Dubrovnik]] and [[Dalmatia]] with [[Montenegro]],<ref name="V-1 pp. 170">Јован Милићевић (1994). "Петар I Петровић, Идеја о обнови српске државе". ''Црна Гора 1797–1851''. ''Историјa српског народа, V-1''. Београд. pp. 170–171.</ref> which he informed the Russian court<ref name="V-1 pp. 170"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs8gAQAAMAAJ Bulletin scientifique]''. Vol. 22–23. Le Conseil. 1986. p. 300. <q>This was the time when Petar I devised his visionary programme of creation of a Slavonic-Serb state</q></ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=V0kmAQAAMAAJ Soviet Studies in History]''. Vol. 20. International Arts and Sciences Press. 1982. p. 28. <q>Montenegro sent to Russia in the spring of 1807 a project for establishing a Slavic-Serbian kingdom in the Balkans</q></ref> and was also viewed by [[Habsburg Serbs|Habsburg Serb]] metropolitan [[Stefan Stratimirović]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Popović |first=Petar I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XMBAAAAMAAJ |title=Француско-српски односи за време првог устанка: Наполеон и Карађорђе |date=1933 |publisher=Издање потпомогнуто је из на Задужбине Луке Ћеловића-Требињца |language=sr}}</ref> The title of [[Emperor of the Serbs]] would be held by the [[Emperor of Russia|Russian emperor]] as [[Tsar]],<ref name="V-1 pp. 170"/> but with the condition that Russians respected the [[Autocephaly|independence-autocephaly]] of the [[Montenegrin Orthodox Church]]. So, in February 1807, Petar I planned an invasion of [[Herzegovina]] by [[Montenegrins|montenegrin]] forces and asked for Karađorđe's aid,<ref>[[Béla K. Király|Király, Béla K.]]; [[Gunther E. Rothenberg|Rothenberg, Gunther E.]] (1982). [[iarchive:serbsrussianpans0000mack|''War and Society in East Central Europe: The first Montenegrin uprising 1804–1813''.]] Brooklyn College Press. {{ISBN|978-0-930888-15-2}}.</ref> wanting to connect the territory occupied by the Serbian rebel forces and Montenegro, which succeeded after the [[Battle of Suvodol]] in 1809.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjU9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Revolt of the Serbs Against the Turks (1804–1813) |date=1942 |publisher=CUP Archive |language=en}}</ref> This support of Montenegro for the Serbs was reinforced due to the fact that in the war of 1807–1812, Ottoman troops, supported by French detachments on Illyria, attacked Montenegro along the entire border, and the Montenegrins did not have time to repel all the attacks. However, they managed to force the French troops to withdraw from [[Dubrovnik]] and conquered the [[Bay of Kotor]]. Napoleon himself offered Petar I the title "Patriarch of the entire Serbian nation or of the entire Illyricum" on the condition that he cease cooperation with Russia and accept a French protectorate, which he refused for fear of an eventual papal status jurisdiction or an [[Anti-clericalism|Anti-clerical]] policy.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="montenegrina.net">{{Cite web |title=MONTENEGRINA – digitalna biblioteka crnogorske kulture i nasljedja |url=https://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/cg_u_xix_vijeku/napoleon_pominje_crnogorce_marsalu_marmonu.htm |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.montenegrina.net |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408193254/https://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/cg_u_xix_vijeku/napoleon_pominje_crnogorce_marsalu_marmonu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, the [[Treaty Of Tilsit]] between France and Russia against the Ottomans helped put a stop to hostilities in the Balkans, with a truce taking place (which was perceived extremely negatively in Serbia, despite the fact that the truce did not apply to the Serb rebels), also, there was a secret clause that provides for the division of Turkish possessions in the Balkans between Russia and France<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torrance |first=Marie-Christiane |date=1986 |title=Some Russian Attitudes to France in the Period of the Napoleonic Wars as Revealed by Russian Memoirs (1807–14) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25506143 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature |volume=86C |pages=289–303 |jstor=25506143 |issn=0035-8991 |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610013137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25506143 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the cancellation of the Slaveno-Serb empire project.<ref name="V-1 pp. 170"/> In 1809, [[Karađorđe]] appealed to an alliance with the [[Habsburgs]] and Napoleon, with no success,<ref>Jelavich, Barbara (1983). ''History of the Balkans''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-27458-6}}.</ref> even wrote personally to Napoleon seeking military assistance, and in 1810, dispatched an emissary to French Empire.<ref>Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). [[iarchive:shorthistoryofyu0000sing|''A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples''. New]] York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-27485-2}}.</ref> However, the French did not believe that the rebels had the military capacity to defeat the Ottomans or expulse them from the Balkans. In 1812, under pressure from Napoleon, Russia was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]], which restored peace with the Ottomans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ismail |first=F. |date=1979 |title=The Making of the Treaty of Bucharest, 1811–1812 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282743 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=163–192 |doi=10.1080/00263207908700404 |jstor=4282743 |issn=0026-3206 |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083018/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282743 |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the clauses of the treaty provided for the maintenance of Serbian autonomy, also, a truce was signed according to the Article 8 of the Treaty. Then, the Russians encouraged Karađorđe and his followers to negotiate directly with the Porte.<ref>[[Sima Ćirković|Ćirković, Sima]] (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC The Serbs]''. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-4291-5}}.</ref><ref>Jelavich, Charles; [[Barbara Jelavich|Jelavich, Barbara]] (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LBYriPYyfUoC ''The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920''.] Vol. 8 (4th ed.). Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|978-0-295-80360-9}}.</ref>