Editing Murray Rothbard (section)

=== Anarcho-capitalism ===
{{anarcho-capitalism sidebar|people}}
{{anarchism US|people}}
According to [[anarcho-capitalist]]s, various theorists have espoused legal philosophies similar to [[anarcho-capitalism]]; however, Rothbard was credited with coining the terms "anarcho-capitalist" and "anarch-capitalism" in 1971 (though "anarchocapitalism [sic]" had been attested earliest in [[Karl Hess]]'s 1969 essay ''The Death of Politics''<ref name = "HessDoP">{{cite web|url= http://fare.tunes.org/books/Hess/dop.html|title= The Death of Politics|last= Hess|first= Karl|orig-date= March 1969|date= 2003|website= Faré's Home Page|publisher= Playboy|access-date= 9 October 2023|quote= Laissez-faire capitalism, or '''anarchocapitalism''' [sic], is simply the economic form of the libertarian ethic. Laissez-faire capitalism encompasses the notion that men should exchange goods and services, without regulation, solely on the basis of value for value. It recognizes charity and communal enterprises as voluntary versions of this same ethic. Such a system would be straight barter, except for the widely felt need for a division of labor in which men, voluntarily, accept value tokens such as cash and credit. Economically, this system is anarchy, and proudly so.|archive-date= August 2, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190802164945/http://fare.tunes.org/books/Hess/dop.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name = "Johnson2015">{{cite web|url= https://c4ss.org/content/39997|title= Karl Hess on Anarcho-Capitalism|last= Johnson|first= Charles|date= 28 August 2015|website= Center for a Stateless Society|access-date= 9 October 2023|quote= In fact, the earliest documented, printed use of the word "anarcho-capitalism" that I can find [...] actually comes neither from Wollstein nor from Rothbard, but from Karl Hess's manifesto "The Death of Politics," which was published in ''Playboy'' in March, 1969.]|archive-date= October 4, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231004131548/https://c4ss.org/content/39997|url-status= live}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=November 2023}}).<ref name = "Leeson">{{cite book |last=Leeson |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pQ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, Part IX: The Divine Right of the 'Free' Market |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-60708-5 |page=180 |quote=To the original 'anarchocapitalist' (Rothbard coined the term) [...]. |access-date=November 27, 2023 |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425065230/https://books.google.com/books?id=_pQ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "Flood2010">Flood, Anthony (2010). [http://anthonyflood.com/rothbardknowyourrights.htm Untitled preface to Rothbard's "Know Your Rights"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811135031/http://anthonyflood.com/rothbardknowyourrights.htm |date=August 11, 2011 }}, originally published in ''WIN: Peace and Freedom through Nonviolent Action'', Volume 7, No. 4, 1 March 1971, 6–10. Flood's quote: "Rothbard's neologism, 'anarchocapitalism,' probably makes its first appearance in print here."</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=November 2023}} He synthesized elements from the Austrian School of economics, [[classical liberalism]] and 19th-century American [[individualist anarchist]]s into a right-wing form of anarchism.<ref>''Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought'', 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-631-17944-3}}, p. 290; quote: "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Robert Leeson|title=Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, Part IX: The Divine Right of the 'Free' Market|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=978-3-319-60708-5|page=180|quote=To the original 'anarchocapitalist' (Rothbard coined the term) [...].}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> According to his protégé [[Hans-Hermann Hoppe]], "[t]here would be no [[anarcho-capitalist]] movement to speak of without Rothbard".<ref name="H-H Hoppe">{{cite web |last=Hoppe |first=Hans-Hermann |author-link=Hans-Hermann Hoppe |date=December 31, 2001 |title=Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography |url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111070712/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe5.html |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=June 2, 2013}}</ref> [[Lew Rockwell]] in a memoriam called Rothbard the "conscience" of all the various strains of what he described as "libertarian anarchism", and said their advocates had often been personally inspired by his example.<ref>Rockwell, Llewellyn (1995).  [http://library.freecapitalists.org/books/Murray%20N%20Rothbard/memoriam.pdf "Murray N. Rothbard: In Memoriam."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220074229/http://library.freecapitalists.org/books/Murray%20N%20Rothbard/memoriam.pdf |date=December 20, 2014 }} p. 117</ref>

During his years at graduate school in the late 1940s, Rothbard considered whether strict adherence to libertarian and ''[[laissez-faire]]'' principles required the abolition of the state altogether. He visited [[Baldy Harper]], a founder of the [[Foundation for Economic Education]],<ref name="The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism by Hamowy">{{cite book|editor=[[Ronald Hamowy]]|title=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism|date= 2008|publisher=Sage|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4|page=623|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&q=libertarian+encyclopedia|access-date=November 4, 2020|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022033/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&q=libertarian+encyclopedia|url-status=live}}{{Cite news | last = Rothbard | first = Murray N.| title = Floyd Arthur 'Baldy' Harper, RIP | work = Mises Daily | date = August 17, 2007 }}</ref> who doubted the need for any government whatsoever. Rothbard said that during this period, he was influenced by 19th-century [[American individualist anarchists]] like [[Lysander Spooner]] and [[Benjamin Tucker]] and the Belgian economist [[Gustave de Molinari]] who wrote about how such a system could work.<ref name="Essential"/>{{rp|pages=12–13}} Thus, he "combined the ''laissez-faire'' economics of Mises with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state" from individualist anarchists.<ref name="Miller">{{cite book|title=Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0-631-17944-3|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=David|editor-link=David Miller (political theorist)|page=290}}</ref> [[Edward Stringham]] opined that: "In the late 1940s, Murray Rothbard decided that that [sic] private-property anarchism was the logical conclusion of free-market thinking [...]."<ref name = "Stringham2007">{{cite book|last= Stringham|first= Edward Peter|year= 2007|title= Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice|chapter = Chapter 1: Introduction|chapter-url= https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=241124005024104084119023003122010066007003009040033092067067101077117023028084030102114017055054029044016124100023087125120022008000007082048031117095082018065072020041095026023125102088018095067108021106075117108123010108108003084003077099006003082&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE|page= 3|location= New Brunswick, NJ|publisher= Transaction Publishers}}</ref>

Rothbard began to consider himself a "private property anarchist"{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} and published works about private property anarchism in 1954;<ref name = "Stringham2007"/> later, in 1971, he began to use "[[anarcho-capitalist]]" to describe his political ideology.<ref name = "Flood2010"/><ref name="Crocetta">Roberta Modugno Crocetta, [https://mises.org/journals/scholar/roberta.pdf Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism in the contemporary debate. A critical defense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110173459/http://mises.org/journals/scholar/roberta.pdf |date=November 10, 2012 }}, [[Ludwig Von Mises Institute]].</ref><ref name="Exclusive Interview">{{cite journal|last=Oliver|first=Michael|title=Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard|journal=The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal|date=February 25, 1972|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html|quote=Capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism.|access-date=February 2, 2016|archive-date=June 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618045309/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In his anarcho-capitalist model, the system of private property is upheld by private firms, such as hypothesized protection agencies, which compete in a free market and are voluntarily supported by consumers who choose to use their protective and judicial services. Anarcho-capitalists describe this as "the end of the state [[monopoly on force]]".<ref name="Crocetta"/> In this way, Rothbard differed from Mises, who favored a state to uphold markets.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Jacob |date=April 2022 |title=Repurposing Mises: Murray Rothbard and the Birth of Anarchocapitalism |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855169 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |language=en |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=315–32 |doi=10.1353/jhi.2022.0015 |pmid=35603616 |s2cid=248985277 |issn=1086-3222 |access-date=April 17, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712160927/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855169 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an unpublished article, Rothbard wrote that economically speaking, [[individualist anarchism]] differs from anarcho-capitalism and jokingly pondered whether libertarians should adopt the term nonarchist. Rothbard concluded the article by affirming that he is neither an anarchist nor an "artist" but a middle-of-the-roader on the archy question.<ref name="Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'">Rothbard, Murray (1950s). [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard167.html "Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113130534/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard167.html |date=January 13, 2017 }} Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved September 4, 2020.</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=March 2023}} In ''Man, Economy, and State'', Rothbard divides the various kinds of state intervention into three categories: "autistic intervention" (interference with private non-economic activities), "binary intervention", (exchange between individuals and the state); and "triangular intervention" (state-mandated exchange between individuals). Sanford Ikeda wrote that Rothbard's typology "eliminates the gaps and inconsistencies that appear in Mises's original formulation".<ref>Ikeda, Sanford, ''Dynamics of the Mixed Economy: Toward a Theory of Interventionism'', Routledge UK, 1997, p. 245.</ref><ref>Rothbard, Murray. [https://mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap14.asp Chapter 2 "Fundamentals of Intervention"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914010730/https://mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap14.asp |date=September 14, 2014 }} from ''Man, Economy and State'', [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]].</ref> Rothbard writes in ''[[Power and Market]]'' that the role of the economist in a free market is limited, but it is much larger in a government that solicits economic policy recommendations. Rothbard argues that self-interest, therefore, prejudices the views of many economists in favor of increased government intervention.<ref>Peter G. Klein, [https://www.mises.org/story/2318 "Why Intellectuals Still Support Socialism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430203330/http://mises.org/story/2318 |date=April 30, 2009 }}, [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]], November 15, 2006</ref><ref>[https://www.mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap19.asp ''Man, Economy, and State'', Chapter 7 – Conclusion: Economics and Public Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914010150/https://www.mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap19.asp |date=September 14, 2014 }}, [[Ludwig Von Mises Institute]].</ref>