Editing Multi-exposure HDR capture (section)

=== Mid-20th century ===
{{external media |image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170315033441/http://www.cybergrain.com/tech/hdr/images1/eugene_smith.jpg Schweitzer at the Lamp], by [[W. Eugene Smith]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cybergrain.com/tech/hdr/ |title=The Future of Digital Imaging – High Dynamic Range Photography |first=Jon |last=Meyer |date=February 2004}}</ref><ref name="durand">{{cite web |url=http://people.csail.mit.edu/fredo/ArtAndScienceOfDepiction/ |title=4.209: The Art and Science of Depiction |first1=Frédo |last1=Durand |first2=Julie |last2=Dorsey |author2-link=Julie Dorsey}}[http://people.csail.mit.edu/fredo/ArtAndScienceOfDepiction/12_Contrast/contrast.html Limitations of the Medium: Compensation and accentuation&nbsp;– The Contrast is Limited], lecture of Monday, April 9. 2001, [http://people.csail.mit.edu/fredo/ArtAndScienceOfDepiction/12_Contrast/contrast6.pdf slide 57–59]; image on slide 57, depiction of dodging and burning on slide 58</ref>
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Manual tone mapping was accomplished by [[dodging and burning]]&nbsp;– selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph ''Schweitzer at the Lamp'' by [[W. Eugene Smith]], from his 1954 [[photo essay]] ''A Man of Mercy'' on [[Albert Schweitzer]] and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took five days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.<ref name="durand" />

[[Ansel Adams]] elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called ''The Print'', which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his [[Zone System]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/The_Print |title=The Print |author=Adams, Ansel |author-link=Ansel Adams |date=1980 |isbn=0-8212-1526-4 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=New York, New York |edition=3rd |series=The Ansel Adams photography series |volume=3}}</ref>

With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

[[File:Wyckoff HDR Curve.tif|thumb|left|upright=2.4|Exposure/density characteristics of [[Charles Wyckoff|Wyckoff's]] extended exposure response film. One can note that each curve has a [[sigmoid function|sigmoidal shape]] and follows a [[hyperbolic tangent]], or a [[logistic function]] characterized by an induction period (initiation), a quasi-linear propagation, and a saturation plateau ([[asymptote]]).]]
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by [[Charles Wyckoff]] and [[EG&G]] "in the course of a contract with the [[United States Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]".<ref>{{cite patent |inventor1-last=Wyckoff |inventor1-first=Charles W. |inventor1-link=Charles Wyckoff |inventor2=EG&G Inc., assignee |inventor2-link=EG&G |fdate=1961-03-24 |pubdate=1969-09-17 |title=Silver Halide Photographic Film having Increased Exposure-response Characteristics |country=US -number=3450536 |url= http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT3450536&id=43RzAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22Extended+exposure%22+Wyckoff&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=%22Extended%20exposure%22%20Wyckoff&f=false}}</ref> This XR film had three [[Photographic emulsion|emulsion]] layers, an upper layer having an [[Film speed#ASA|ASA]] speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to [[Color photography#"Modern" color film|color films]], and each layer produced a different color.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Charles W. |last1=Wyckoff |author-link=Charles Wyckoff |title=Experimental extended exposure response film |journal=Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers Newsletter |date=June–July 1962 |pages=16–20}}</ref> The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:10<sup>8</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Michael |last1=Goesele |display-authors=etal |title=High Dynamic Range Techniques in Graphics: from Acquisition to Display |url= http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/resources/tmo/EG05_HDRTutorial_Complete.pdf |work=Eurographics 2005 Tutorial T7 |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Informatics}}</ref> It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/mctl98-2/p2sec05.pdf |title=The Militarily Critical Technologies List |date=1998 |pages=II-5-100, II-5-107 |work=FAS.org |publisher=Intelligence Resource Program, [[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=June 12, 2020}}</ref> for astronomical photography,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Andrew T. |last1=Young | first2=Harold Jr. |last2=Boeschenstein |title=Isotherms in the Region of Proclus at a Phase Angle of 9.8 Degrees |series=Scientific Report series |volume=5 |publisher=College Observatory, Harvard University |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |date=1964}}</ref> for spectrographic research,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=R. L. |last1=Bryant |first2=G. J. |last2=Troup |first3=R. G. |last3=Turner |title=The use of a high-intensity-range photographic film for recording extended diffraction patterns and for spectrographic work |journal=Journal of Scientific Instruments |volume=42 |issue=2 |date=1965 |page=116 |doi=10.1088/0950-7671/42/2/315|bibcode=1965JScI...42..116B }}</ref> and for medical imaging.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Leslie M. |last1=Eber |first2=Haervey M. |last2=Greenberg |first3=John M. |last3=Cooke |first4=Richard |last4=Gorlin |title=Dynamic Changes in Left Ventricular Free Wall Thickness in the Human Heart |journal=Circulation |volume=39 |date=1969 |issue=4 |pages=455–464 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.39.4.455 |pmid=5778246 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine in the mid-1950s.