Editing Mons, Belgium (section)

== Planning and architectural heritage ==
[[File:0 Mons - Rue à Dégrès (4).JPG|thumb|Typical narrow street decorated with a "street art" design]]
The centre consists largely of red brick houses. Although there are few old buildings and rarely new blue stone buildings, its use is generally limited to parts of the decorative walls. Much of the centre is made up of houses which are two or three storeys high. 
In commercial areas, the ground floor is used as commercial space, while other floors are used for housing. Generally behind the houses there is a small garden.

The outskirts of the city are also generally made of brick terraced houses. They nevertheless have the largest green spaces in the front or rear. In more remote areas of the centre, there are four façades of the villas.

After the Second World War the city experienced rather limited construction of buildings. Some public housing have been built in Ghlin, Hyon Jemappes and in the suburbs of the city. Since the late 1990s and especially since the arson<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mons.be/images/lib/MM-19.pdf |title=Incendie dans un HLM à Mons – p. 4 |access-date=30 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721023537/http://www.mons.be/images/lib/MM-19.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which took place in one of these buildings, the city undertook a policy of deconstruction<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bergen.be/images/lib/pvjuillet04-brohee.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929231648/http://www.bergen.be/images/lib/pvjuillet04-brohee.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2007 |date=29 September 2007 |access-date=20 March 2018 }}</ref> of these houses which is still in progress at the moment. A whole series of social buildings are evenly dispersed in the downtown and surrounding suburbs.

16,5%<ref>[http://statbel.fgov.be/census/localres03_fr.asp Enquête 2001 de l'INS – Population par type de logements.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424074908/http://statbel.fgov.be/census/localres03_fr.asp |date=24 April 2009 }}</ref> of the city's population lives in apartments (17% in Belgium) and 82.7% in single-family homes (82.3% in Belgium). Of the 82.7% who live in single family homes, only 26% (37.3% in Belgium) are separate houses, while 55.7% (44.4 in Belgium) are detached or terraced houses. That's pretty much a small town in Belgium. Large municipalities have in fact fewer single family homes, but many more apartments whereas the smallest towns have few apartments and a lot of single family homes. The figures show very clearly the strong presence of terraced houses rather than separate houses: it exemplifies the urbanization of downtown, but also urban cores such as [[Jemappes]] et [[Cuesmes]].

=== Grand-Place ===
The Grand-Place is the centre of the old city. It is situated near the shopping street (pedestrian) and the Belfry. It is paved in the manner of old cities and is home to many cafes and restaurants, as well as the Town Hall. The outskirts of the square are accessible by car, but it is forbidden to park or drive through the centre. Each year, the square is used as an action theatre called ''[[Ducasse de Mons|Lumeçon]]'' to stage a battle between [[Saint George]] and [[Dragon]]. The Grand-Place is also equipped with a fountain, which opened on 21 March 2006. It also hosts a Christmas market and sometimes an ice rink during the winter holiday period.

The façade of the building called "au Blan Levrie" shows the care with which the city attempted to unite the old and the modern. It is the first authorised building in the main square which was made of stone to avoid fire incidents. It was originally built in 1530 in the Gothic style, for the Malaperts, a wealthy local family. In 1975, the architects A. Godart and O. Dupire were assigned to design a bank. They proceeded to gut the interior and conduct a precise survey of the whole before beginning the restoration project. The façade was completely restored, sometimes (as below) by extending the design of mouldings, but the fenestration proved impossible to restore as there were not enough clues from the remains of the original to do so. Therefore, "The choice was directed towards a contemporary discrete [style], appearing in second test [?]: they are steel frame whose profiles are thinner. » Impression yet reinforced by the way of which was treated at the entrance gate.[?]"<ref>Christiane Piérard et André Godart « L'immeuble dit ''au Blan Levrie'', Grand-Place n° 35 » dans ''Le patrimoine majeur de Wallonie'', Éditions de la Région wallonne et diffusion Éditions du Perron, Namur et Liège, 1993, pp. 142-144.</ref>

<gallery widths="125" heights="125">
File:Mons gd place.jpg|The Grand-Place and Town Hall of Mons
File:070204 (65) Mons.JPG|The house called ''Blan Levrie''
File:Mons 050424 (12).JPG|The former St. George's Chapel
File:070204 (75) Mons.JPG|The house called ''de la Toison d'Or''
File:070204 (23) Mons.JPG|The old hotel in the circle
File:Mons 050424 JPG103.jpg|View of the beginning of the Rue Nimy and the Church of St. Elizabeth
File:Mons JPG0104.jpg|The old castle's gardens and the Romanesque St. Calixte's Chapel
</gallery>

=== City Hall ===
[[File:0 Mons - Hôtel de ville (1).jpg|thumb|The Town Hall]]

==== History ====
Originally its communal organization, Mons was a City Hall called "House of Peace." Earlier the deputy mayors were on the castle of the Counts of Hainaut, and now it is only the conciergerier, Saint-Calixte chapel and some underground rooms and the chamber. This place is now Castle Park, where we can also see the Belfry. Already in the 13th century, the counts mentioned the House of Peace, located in the Rue Nimy. Other documents of the same time let one suppose that there existed two Houses of Peace, the one in the Rue Nimy and the other in the market area.

It was in 1323 that Count William I gave permission to build the House of Peace on the location of the current City Hall. This is called a "Town House" built of stones and bricks at the base, while the superstructure is of wood. This building underwent various changes during the 15th century until 1477, when the nearby shop in the arsenal exploded.

==== Current City Hall ====
The destroyed buildings were rebuilt and benefitted from new changes and additions over the centuries.

The architect of the City Hall, Matthew Layens of Leuven, was called to draw up plans. It was to be a building in Gothic style, but it seems that the plan (which was not found) was not completed, including the abandonment of the second floor, which was still intended for construction. The Renaissance campanile was added in the 18th century. It contains a bell dating from 1390, the Bancloque, and carries a clock dial overlooking the Grand-Place and a light clock. The 19th century saw various modifications of the façade, the removal of stone mullions to the floor and various stone ornaments.

In its current state, the Town Hall consists of a remarkable collection of various buildings housing a large proportion of municipal services. These buildings have undergone many changes over the centuries, restorations and additions of elements from other buildings, such as a Gothic style fireplace from castle Trazegnies, carved doors of the 16th century saved from demolition, a fireplace from the castle of Gouy-lez-Pedestrian, and another fireplace in 1603 from the [[Havré Castle|Château d'Havré]].

On 23 April 2006 was inaugurated a bronze statuary group by Garouste Gerard, creator of a fresco for the wedding hall. The work, evoking the combat of St. George and the dragon, is in front of City Hall at the bottom of the stair-ramps providing access to one of the entrances to City Hall.
{{clear}}

==== Mayor's Garden ====
[[File:0 Mons - Jardin du Mayeur (1).JPG|thumb|The Mayor's Garden]]
These buildings surround a small, irregularly shaped square, the Mayor's Garden, from which the Rue d'Enghien descends. The Ropieur Fountain, by sculptor Léon Gobert (1869–1935), can be found in the middle of the square. The {{lang|fr|italic=no|ropieur}} symbolizes a young insolent resident of Mons, drenching passersby with water from the fountain.

=== Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church ===
Although located in the heart of the old County of Hainaut, the [[Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church]] is one of the most characteristic churches and most homogeneous of [[Brabantine Gothic architecture]].<ref name="Waudru">{{cite web |url=http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/030303.htm |title=Historique de la collégiale |work=La collégiale Sainte-Waudru |publisher=ASBL Sainte Waudru, Mons, Belgium |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223407/http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/030303.htm |archive-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2011 }} With sub links:
 the church: [http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030302.htm édifices antérieurs] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223421/http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030302.htm |date=27 March 2012 }} <!--Retrieved 2011-07-15-->,
 [http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030303.htm projet] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223425/http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030303.htm |date=27 March 2012 }} <!--Retrieved 2011-07-15-->,
 [http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030304.htm chantier] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223516/http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030304.htm |date=27 March 2012 }} <!--Retrieved 2011-07-15-->,
 [http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030305.htm réparations et restauration] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223551/http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030305.htm |date=27 March 2012 }} <!--Retrieved 2011-07-15-->;
 the tower: [http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030306.htm projet] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223713/http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030306.htm |date=27 March 2012 }} <!--Retrieved 2011-07-15-->,
 [http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030307.htm chantier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223734/http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030307.htm |date=27 March 2012 }} Retrieved 15 July 2011<br />
 {{cite web |url=http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030202.htm.htm |title=Sainte-Waudru et le gothique brabançon - introduction |work=La collégiale Sainte-Waudru |publisher=ASBL Sainte Waudru, Mons, Belgium |language=fr |access-date=15 July 2011}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Continued with:
 [http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030203.htm pourquoi brabançonne ?] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223743/http://www.waudru.be/fr/learn/03030203.htm |date=27 March 2012 }} <!--Retrieved 2011-07-15--></ref>

The collegiate was built in the 15th century on the orders of canons. Along with the nearby Belfry, it is considered as a major symbol of the city of Mons. It contains many works of [[Jacques du Broeucq]].

It is made of local materials like sandstone, blue stone and brick. It is designed in a classic form, which is expressed by a Latin cross sign. It measures 115 metres long, 32 metres wide and rises to 24.5 metres at the keystone. The [[chancel]] is surrounded by an [[ambulatory]] and 15 chapels.

<gallery widths="125" heights="125" perrow="4">
File:Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church (DSCF8111).jpg|[[Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church]]
File:0 Sainte Waudru - Mons 1.JPG|Bas-relief on the western wall in the collegiate church
File:Jacques Du Brœucq - Saint Barthélémy.JPG|Statue of [[Bartholomew the Apostle|St. Bartholomew]] by Jacques Du Brœucq in the [[choir]] of the collegiate church
File:0 Car d'Or - Mons 1.jpg|The ''Car d'Or'' (Golden Carriage) shown in the collegiate church
</gallery>

=== Belfry ===
[[File:Mons beffroi JPG01B.jpg|thumb|upright|The Belfry]]

Also called El Catiau by Montois, it was built in the 17th century. The [[Belfry of Mons|Belfry]] is the only [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style building in Belgium that reaches a height of 87 meters. In its top section it contains a 49 bell carillon. It was classified as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] on 1 December 1999, as part of the [[Belfries of Belgium and France]] site.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943 |title=Belfries of Belgium and France |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130232141/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Victor Hugo]] described the Belfry in a letter to his wife as "a coffeepot flanked by four smaller teapots."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mons.be/default.aspx?GUID=%7B1AE2680D-86F9-11DA-9731-0002A58CB319%7D&LNG=FRA |title=Lettre du 18 août 1837, consultable sur le site de Mons |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310064941/http://www.mons.be/default.aspx?GUID=%7B1AE2680D-86F9-11DA-9731-0002A58CB319%7D&LNG=FRA |archive-date=10 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Press House (Spanish House) ===
The Press House dates back to the 16th century and is a rare example of a house in traditional Spanish style in Mons. It is made in a simple architectural way using brick. This material was economical and used after the fire in 1548, because when it was rebuilt, the cost of stone had increased. In 1548, the deputy mayor had prohibited the use of flammable materials.

The buildings were restored in 1919{{ndash}}1920, on the plans of the communal architect E. Bertiaux and are occupied by the Maison de la Presse.

=== Water machine ===
[[File:0 Mons - Parcelles entourant la machine à eau (1).JPG|thumb|left|The site of the former water machine]]

This industrial hall is all that remains of the "machine" that supplied Mons with drinkable water from 1871, the year when the river Trouille was diverted. Designed by the architect Hubert and the engineer Celi Moullan, this impressive machinery of pipes and mains was built in metal and glass and forced the water from the valley level up to the town water tanks in the castle place yard. To source the water, Mons purchased two springs known as the "Mouse Hole" and "La Vallière," and the water was transported via hydraulic motor.

The "water machine" still bears witness to the sanitary and hygiene concerns which arose in Mons in 1865-1870 and marks the transition from medieval water supply wells, springs and hand pumps, to operation of pumps suction and force.

This progress at domestic level transformed the townspeople's way of life and changed the boundaries of Mons and Spiennes. They used to get water from wells or fountains, sometimes over a hundred yards from their homes. Soon followed another urban project: the introduction in 1828 of city gas to illuminate new avenues and streets. These two changes are made possible by the demolition of the fortifications, which releases the land, and the diversion of Trouille including the strategic role of supply ditches was then passed.

The "water machine" was restored in the early 1990s, and the building now hosts various cultural events. The machinery was dismantled.

=== Waux Hall ===
[[File:Mons - Waux Hall.JPG|thumb|left|The main pavillon of the Waux-Hall]]
Waux Hall park was built in the 19th century (1862–1864) at the initiative of the Society of Waux Hall created for this purpose by members of the bourgeoisie. It is therefore the source of a private park. It is located at the site of Fort said that the Dutch formed an outwork the last fortification (1815–1864). Remnants of the fort still exist under the current pavillon. The gardens were designed by Louis Fuchs and the central pavilion was built by architect Joseph Hubert in tavern style.

[[File:Mons AR1bJPG.jpg|thumb|upright|The remarkable [[Corylus colurna|Turkish hazel]] tree in the park]]
A 5 hectare landscaped park was built in the mid 19th century and consists of various species of age-old trees, water features, lakes and lawns. A [[Corylus colurna|Turkish hazel]] is one of the remarkable trees in the park. Various memorials and outdoor sculptures, including works of sculptors Grard, Deville, Hupet, and Guilmot Harvent, are placed.

The Technical and Vocational School of Horticulture was established in 1863, it was installed under the authority of the corporation of Waux Hall. It became communal in 1892 at the time of acquisition of Waux Hall by the city of Mons, and then came under the authority of the province of Hainaut in 2006. In 2009 this event was moved to the Grand-Place.

=== Parfaite Union ===
[[File:Loge-parfaite-union-mons.jpg|thumb|left|''La Parfaite Union'']]
The masonic Lodge ''La Parfaite Union'' is the oldest in Belgium<ref>Karl Petit & Gérard Mathieu, ''op. cit.'', p. 44 ou [[Léopold Genicot]], ''Racines d'espérance'', Didier Hatier, Bruxelles, 1986, p. 134.</ref> and perhaps even on the continent. It was founded in 1721. At that time, Mons became a masonic centre followed by the creation of several new lodges (Vraie et parfaite harmonie (1767), À l'Orient de Mons (1783) et la Ligue équitable (1786).

After the [[French Revolution]], the meetings were held in different locations, and an event was organised by the ''Parfaite Union'' for the construction of a permanent building. The plans of the architect Hector Puchot were retained in 1890. The neo-Egyptian style then became a reference for Masonic architecture, and we can consider the lodge of Mons as a model of its kind with its numerous motifs—"Egyptian" papyrus capitals, frieze lotus bud, etc.

=== Carré des Arts ===
[[File:Mons CA1BJPG.JPG|thumb|right|The Carré des Arts]]
The William Barracks, renamed the Major Sabbe Barracks after the First World War and since the 1990s called the Carré des Arts, dates from 1824 to 1827, at the time of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is the work of the architect Rémi de Puydt (1789–1844). The façade and roof of the building were listed in 1983 on the advice of the Royal Commission of Monuments, Sites and Excavations.

Maintaining its military purpose until the late 1940s, the building was then used by the Royal Grammar School John Avesnes from the 1960s to the early 1990s. Since the completion of the conversion carried out between 1993 and 1995, the Carré des Arts hosts the Graduate School of Arts and visual (ESAPV) and regional television TV Borinage Mons (Tele MB).<ref>{{cite web |title=Le " Carré des Arts " (Ancienne Caserne Major Sabbe ou Caserne Guillaume)'', document de la ville de Mons |website=www.mons.be |url=http://www.mons.be/images/lib/Carré%20des%20arts.pdf |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305000156/http://www.mons.be/images/lib/Carr%C3%A9%20des%20arts.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Rouge-Puits ===
[[File:Fontaine-Rouge-Puits-Mons.jpg|thumb|The Rouge-Puits, at the corner of the Rue de la Coupe and the Rue de la Chaussée]]
Three wells, fountains that decorated the streets of Mons have survived until today. This is the case of the fountain-pillory, Louis XVI style, built in 1779 by the blue stone Ouvertus architect.

Built in 1831 by Albert Jamot, this well was transferred to the central Marché-aux-Herbes in 1877 and has served as a fountain after the development of the water supply in the city during the years 1869{{ndash}}1870. It has regained its original location at the corner of the Coupe and the Chaussée in 1981.<ref>Renseignements figurant sur le panneau explicatif apposé par la Ville.</ref> After the Marché aux Herbes, the fountain (not connected to the water) was placed for a few years in the park at the far end of the Rue des Quatre Fils Aymon.

=== Casemates ===
[[File:Casemates-Mons.jpg|thumb|left|The Casemates, Place Nervienne]]
The casemates and the bakery are the remains of military fortifications dating from the kingdom of the [[Netherlands]] (1814–1830). The law dividing the disassembly of the fortifications dates back to 1861.<ref>Ministère de la région wallonne, ''Brochure Patrimoine Militaire: 19e Journées du Patrimoine en Wallonie des 8 et 9 septembre 2007'', Éd. Institut du Patrimoine Wallon, 2007, p. 35.</ref> They are located near the Nervienne site. The roof of the old bakery has been transformed into a public park and playground for children, while the casemates accommodate the musée de la Route.

=== Valenciennoise Tower ===
[[File:Tour Valenciennoise (DSCF8038).jpg|thumb|Valenciennoise Tower]]
This is the last existing trace of the medieval walls surrounding the city. This defensive structure built of sandstone from Bray was built around 1358. Its walls equipped with loopholes have a thickness of up to 4 meters. The tower has lost about a third of its original size. A project to install a terrace on its top open to the public had just been completed in 2009. The tower has housed a sound installation in the festival of contemporary art audio-visual CitySonics when it reopened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citysonics.be/main.php?id=66&lang=fr&op=10 |title=Citysonics |publisher=Citysonics.be |access-date=6 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310223726/http://www.citysonics.be/main.php?id=66&lang=fr&op=10 |archive-date=10 March 2012 }}</ref>

=== Concourse of the Courts ===
In 1966, the Council of Ministers decided to build new buildings to house the Courts of Justice:<ref>Mons – Les Cours de Justice, Régie des Bâtiments, Service de presse, Bruxelles, juin 2007.</ref> Assize Court, Labour Court, Court of Appeal, Court of Commerce, etc. The choice is the site of the former "Hall of exposure". The Building Authority designated as architects for the project the Office Aura (John Bartholomew). The triangular shape of the land has created interior spaces, decreasing in height and width, forming a sort of "cathedral space" underlined by a continuous central luminous line. On this major axis, the "backbone" of the project, has created spaces for encounter and relaxation. The latest techniques have been implemented for the economic management of energy, giving maximum comfort to staff and the public while ensuring the development of architectural building.

Opened in May 2007, by January 2011 all buildings already had developed many problems of water seepage and stability. Thus one of the gateways weighing a hundred kilos came off its hinges and nearly fell on a lawyer who entered, cracks opened between concrete blocks, the joints of windows let in wind and water when it rains in the concourse, etc. The lack of any maintenance contracts might be a significant cause of these problems, since minor problems might otherwise have been prevented from getting worse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lesoir.be/regions/hainaut/2011-01-20/les-cours-de-justice-prennent-l-eau-816204.php |title=Les cours de justice prennent l'EAU - lesoir.be |access-date=30 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402224405/http://www.lesoir.be/regions/hainaut/2011-01-20/les-cours-de-justice-prennent-l-eau-816204.php |archive-date=2 April 2012 }}</ref>