Editing Mongolia (section)

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Mongolia}}
[[File:Mongolian parliament members.jpg|thumb|[[State Great Khural]] chamber in session]]

Mongolia is a [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] representative democratic republic with a directly elected [[President of Mongolia|President]].<ref name="IDEA" /><ref name="Draft">{{Cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date=August 19, 2008 |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{Cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |url-status=live |journal=French Politics |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053112/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=21 February 2016 |quote=Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in '''Mongolia''', Poland, and Senegal. |s2cid=73642272 |df=mdy-all|doi-access=free}}</ref> The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, the [[State Great Khural]]. The president appoints the prime minister, and nominates the cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. The [[constitution of Mongolia]] guarantees a number of freedoms, including full [[freedom of expression]] and [[Freedom of religion|religion]]. Mongolia amended its constitution most lately in 2019 transferring some powers from the president to the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-06-30 |title=Mongolia Looks Into New Parliamentary System |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-looks-into-new-parliamentary-system |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325212159/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-looks-into-new-parliamentary-system |url-status=live}}</ref> On May 31, 2023, Mongolia's parliament approved a constitutional amendment that increased the number of seats from 76 to 126 and changed the electoral system re-introducing proportional party voting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=Concerns Over Foreign Meddling Rise in Mongolia's Elections |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/concerns-over-foreign-meddling-rise-in-mongolia-s-elections |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725143104/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/concerns-over-foreign-meddling-rise-in-mongolia-s-elections |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are the [[Mongolian People's Party]] and the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]]. The non-governmental organization [[Freedom House]] considers Mongolia to be free.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World, 2024, Mongolia |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/mongolia/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |publisher=Freedom House |df=mdy-all |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527235244/https://freedomhouse.org/country/mongolia/freedom-world/2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The People's Party – known as the People's Revolutionary Party between 1924 and 2010 – formed the government from 1921 to 1996 (in a one-party system until 1990) and from 2000 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006, it was part of a coalition with the Democrats and two other parties, and after 2006 it was the dominant party in two other coalitions. The party initiated two changes of government from 2004 prior to losing power in the 2012 election. The Democrats were the dominant force in a ruling coalition between 1996 and 2000, and an almost-equal partner with the People's Revolutionary Party in a coalition between 2004 and 2006. An election of deputies to the national assembly on 28 June 2012 resulted in no party having an overall majority;<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Preliminary Results Issued by the General Election Commission of Mongolia... |url=http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/4423 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522164824/http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/4423 |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=Infomongolia.com |df=mdy-all}}</ref> however, as the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] won the largest number of seats,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hook |first=Leslie |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Democratic party leads Mongolia poll |work=Financial Times |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ec0e7c04-c1cb-11e1-8e7c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz24pxWkMSH |url-status=live |access-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705222046/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ec0e7c04-c1cb-11e1-8e7c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz24pxWkMSH |archive-date=July 5, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> its leader, [[Norovyn Altankhuyag]], was appointed [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|prime minister]] on 10 August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2012 |title=N. Altankhuyag Becomes 27th Prime Minister of Mongolia |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208080845/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=345 |archive-date=February 8, 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=UBPost |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2014, he was replaced by [[Chimediin Saikhanbileg]]. The [[Mongolian People's Party|MPP]] won a landslide victory in the [[2016 Mongolian parliamentary election|2016 elections]] and the next [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|prime minister]] was [[Mongolian People's Party|MPP]]'s [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]]. In June 2020, MPP won a landslide victory in the [[2020 Mongolian legislative election|election]]. It took 62 seats and the main opposition DP, 11 of the 76 seats. Before the elections the ruling party had redrawn the electoral map in a way that was beneficial for MPP.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/07/heres-how-an-unpopular-ruling-party-swept-mongolias-june-elections/ |title=Here's how an unpopular ruling party swept Mongolia's June elections |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Boldsaikhan |last=Sambuu |date=7 July 2020 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118064646/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/07/heres-how-an-unpopular-ruling-party-swept-mongolias-june-elections/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
In January 2021, Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh resigned after protests over the treatment of a coronavirus patient.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/world/news/mongolian-pm-resigns-2032101 |title=Mongolian PM resigns |work=The Daily Star |agency=Agence France Press |date=22 January 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011051409/https://www.thedailystar.net/world/news/mongolian-pm-resigns-2032101 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 January 2021, [[Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene|Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene]] of MPP became new prime minister. He represents a younger generation of leaders that had studied abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/with-new-pm-a-new-generation-taking-charge-in-mongolia/ |title=With New PM, a New Generation Taking Charge in Mongolia |work=The Diplomat |first1=Bolor |last1=Lkhaajav |first2=Julian |last2=Dierkes |date=27 January 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917223507/https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/with-new-pm-a-new-generation-taking-charge-in-mongolia/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Archers in Traditional Mongolian Outfits Guide Secretary Kerry as He Prepares to Shoot an Arrow at a "Mini-Nadaam" Outside Ulaanbaatar (27443915682).jpg|thumb|Mongolia's President [[Tsakhia Elbegdorj]] with U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], June 2016]]
The [[President of Mongolia]] is able to veto the laws made by parliament, appoint judges and justice of courts and appoint ambassadors. The parliament can override that veto by a two-thirds majority vote. Mongolia's constitution provides three requirements for taking office as president; the candidate must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years old, and have resided in Mongolia for five years before taking office. The president must also suspend their party membership. After defeating incumbent [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]], [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], a two-time former prime minister and member of the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]], was elected as president on 24 May 2009 and inaugurated on 18 June that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/05/25/Opposition-leader-Mongolias-new-president/53731243264038/ |title=Opposition leader Mongolia's new president |work=UPI |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818212933/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/05/25/Opposition-leader-Mongolias-new-president/53731243264038/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ruling [[Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)]] ([[Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)|MPRP]]) nominated [[Batbold Sukhbaatar]] as new Prime Minister in October 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8331142.stm |title=Mongolia nominates a new leader |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2009 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814182010/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8331142.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Elbegdorj was re-elected on 26 June 2013 and was inaugurated on 10 July 2013 for his second term as president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2013 |title=President to be sworn in on 10th in front of Genghis Khan monument |url=https://www.shuud.mn/?p=252264 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705082636/http://www.shuud.mn/?p=252264 |archive-date=July 5, 2013 |access-date=July 3, 2013 |publisher=shuud.mn (in Mongolian) |df=mdy}}</ref> In June 2017, opposition [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] candidate [[Khaltmaagiin Battulga]] won the presidential [[2017 Mongolian presidential election|election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/mongolia-just-chose-a-new-president-what-now/ |title=Mongolia Just Chose a New President. What Now? |last=Dierkes |first=Julian |work=The Diplomat |date=8 July 2017 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731214600/https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/mongolia-just-chose-a-new-president-what-now/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He was inaugurated on 10 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ЕРӨНХИЙЛӨГЧИЙН 2017 ОНЫ СОНГУУЛИЙН 2 ДАХЬ САНАЛ ХУРААЛТЫН ДҮН |language=Mongolian |url=http://www.gec.gov.mn/details/2188 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710125442/http://gec.gov.mn/details/2188 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

In June 2021, former Prime Minister [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh|Ukhnaa Khurelsukh]], the candidate of the ruling [[Mongolian People's Party]] ([[Mongolian People's Party|MPP]]), became the country's sixth democratically elected president after winning the [[2021 Mongolian presidential election|presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Mongolian prime minister Khurelsukh wins presidential election in landslide |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-mongolian-prime-minister-khurelsukh-wins-presidency-2021-06-09/ |work=Reuters |date=10 June 2021 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518170501/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-mongolian-prime-minister-khurelsukh-wins-presidency-2021-06-09/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mongolia uses a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[legislature]], the State Great Khural, with 76 seats, which is chaired by the Speaker of the House. Its members are directly elected, every four years, by popular vote.<ref name="IDEA" /> As per 2023 constitutional amendment the parliament increased the number of seats from 76 to 126.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2023-07-25 |title=How is Mongolia Addressing Concerns Over Foreign Meddling in Elections? |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/concerns-over-foreign-meddling-rise-in-mongolia-s-elections |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725143104/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/concerns-over-foreign-meddling-rise-in-mongolia-s-elections |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Mongolia}}
[[File:Vladimir Putin in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia on September 3, 2024 (1).jpg|thumb|Mongolian President [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 3 September 2024]]

Mongolia's foreign relations traditionally focus on its two large neighbors, Russia and China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dierkes |first=Julian |date=16 February 2018 |title=Can Mongolia's Brash New President Navigate Between China and Russia? |work=WPR – World Politics Review |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/22691/can-mongolia-s-brash-new-president-navigate-between-china-and-russia |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909005238/http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/22691/can-mongolia-s-brash-new-president-navigate-between-china-and-russia |archive-date=September 9, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Mongolia is economically dependent on these countries: China is Mongolia's largest export partner at a 78% share, far above the other top countries (Switzerland at 15%; Singapore 3%). Mongolia receives 36% of imports from China and 29% from Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/ |title=Mongolia |website=CIA World Factbook |date=28 May 2024 |publisher=CIA |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221145/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia |url-status=live }}</ref> Mongolia is also pursuing a trilateral partnership with China and Russia through the [[Altai gas pipeline|Power of Siberia 2]] natural gas pipeline, with a contract to be signed in the "near future" according to Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Papachristou |first1=Lucy |title=Russia and China to sign Power of Siberia-2 gas pipeline 'in near future', says Novak |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/russia-china-sign-power-siberia-2-gas-pipeline-contract-in-near-future-says-2024-05-17/ |website=Reuters |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-08-26 |title=Mongolia Maintains Neutrality After 6 Months of Ukraine War |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-maintains-neutrality-after-6-months-of-ukraine-war |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128053549/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-maintains-neutrality-after-6-months-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to China's status as Mongolia's most important trading partner, Mongolia has been trying to stay out of the current U.S.-China confrontation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2021-07-28 |title=Mongolia forced to choose sides as 'friends' fight |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-forced-to-choose-sides-as-friends-fight |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925181747/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-forced-to-choose-sides-as-friends-fight |url-status=live}}</ref>

It has begun seeking positive relations with a wider range of other countries especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on encouraging [[foreign direct investment]] and trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Country Brief |url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/mongolia/pages/mongolia-country-brief.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814043540/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/mongolia/Pages/mongolia-country-brief.aspx |archive-date=August 14, 2015 |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Government of Australia |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Mongolia has been pursuing a 'third-neighbor' foreign policy since early 1990s to build deeper relations and partnerships with countries beyond its two surrounding neighbors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-04-26 |title=Why Mongolians Won't Take Sides in the Ukraine War |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolians-won-t-take-sides-in-the-ukraine-war |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701025457/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolians-won-t-take-sides-in-the-ukraine-war |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mongolia has been a member of [[The Forum of Small States (FOSS)]] since the group's founding in 1992.<ref name="singaporebook">{{Cite book|title=50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4713-03-0 |year=2015}}.</ref>

Then Vice President of the U.S. Joe Biden, visited Mongolia in 2011 supporting Mongolia's third neighbor policy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levick |first=Ewen |date=2020-11-17 |title=Why Mongolia matters to Joe Biden |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolia-matters-to-joe-biden |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325204313/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolia-matters-to-joe-biden |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Embassies====
{{Main|List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia}}

Mongolia maintains many [[diplomatic missions]] in other countries and has [[embassies]] in the following world capitals:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Embassies & Consulates |url=https://www.embassypages.com/mongolia |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=EmbassyPages.com |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902181641/https://www.embassypages.com/mongolia |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
*[[Ankara]]
*[[Astana]]
*[[Bangkok]]
*[[Beijing]]
*[[Berlin]]
*[[Brasília]]
*[[Brussels]]
*[[Budapest]]
*[[Cairo]]
*[[Canberra]]
*[[Hanoi]]
*[[Havana]]
*[[Jakarta]]
*[[Kuala Lumpur]]
*[[Kuwait City]]
*[[London]]
*[[Moscow]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[Ottawa]]
*[[Paris]]
*[[Prague]]
*[[Pyongyang]]
*[[Rome]]
*[[Seoul]]
*[[Singapore]]
*[[Sofia]]
*[[Stockholm]]
*[[Tokyo]]
*[[Vienna]]
*[[Vientiane]]
*[[Warsaw]]
*[[Washington, D.C.]]
{{div col end}}

=== Military ===
{{main|Mongolian Armed Forces}}
[[File:Vostok-2018 military manoeuvres (2018-09-13) 51.jpg|thumb|Mongolian, Chinese and Russian national flags set on armored vehicles during the large-scale military exercise [[Vostok 2018]] in Eastern Siberia]]

Mongolia supported the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each to [[Iraq]]. About 130 troops were deployed to [[Afghanistan]]. 200 Mongolian troops are serving in [[Sierra Leone]] on a UN mandate to protect the UN's [[Special Court for Sierra Leone|special court]] set up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a battalion to [[Chad]] in support of [[MINURCAT]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ban Ki-Moon on press conference in Ulaanbaatar, July 27th, 2009 |url=http://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=1312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184917/http://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=1312 |archive-date=May 3, 2011 |access-date=2010-05-02 |publisher=Un.org |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

From 2005 to 2006, about 40 troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourg contingents in [[Kosovo]]. On 21 November 2005, [[George W. Bush]] became the first-ever sitting U.S. president to visit Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President George W. Bush Visits Mongolia |url=http://mongolia.usembassy.gov/potus_visit.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229154823/http://mongolia.usembassy.gov/potus_visit.html |archive-date=February 29, 2008 |access-date=2013-06-30 |publisher=US embassy in Mongolia, 2005}}</ref> In 2004, under Bulgarian chairmanship, the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE) invited Mongolia as its newest Asian partner.

=== Legal system ===
{{Main|Judiciary of Mongolia}}

The [[judiciary of Mongolia]] is made of a three-tiered court system: [[Trial court|first instance]] courts in each [[Districts of Mongolia|provincial district]] and each [[Düürgüüd of Mongolia|Ulaanbaatar district]]; [[Appellate court|appellate]] courts for each province and also the Capital Ulaanbaatar; and the court of last resort (for non-constitutional matters) at the [[Supreme Court of Mongolia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judicial System of Mongolia |url=http://www.supremecourt.mn/english/content/11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152649/http://www.supremecourt.mn/english/content/11 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=10 December 2016 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of Mongolia]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> For questions of constitutional law there is a separate constitutional court.

A [[Judicial General Council of Mongolia|Judicial General Council]] (JGC) nominates judges which must then be confirmed by the [[State Great Khural|parliament]] and appointed by the President.

Arbitration centres provide [[alternative dispute resolution]] options for commercial and other disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-22 |title=Эвлэрүүлэн зуучлалын тухай хууль |trans-title=Law on mediation and conciliation |url=http://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/8689 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509142002/http://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/8689 |archive-date=May 9, 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |publisher=www.Legalinfo.mn |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Provinces of Mongolia|Districts of Mongolia}}
{{Clickable map of Mongolian provinces}}

Mongolia is divided into 21 [[Provinces of Mongolia|provinces (aimags)]] and subdivided into 330 [[Districts of Mongolia|districts (sums)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nso.mn/en/statistic/file-library/view/80622441 |title=Social and economic profile of Mongolia 2019-2023 |language=mn |date=2024-05-17 |website=nso.mn |publisher=National Statistics Office of Mongolia |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> Ulaanbaatar is administered separately as a [[Provinces of Mongolia|capital city (municipality)]] with provincial status. The ''aimags'' are:
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Arkhangai Province|Arkhangai]]
* [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]]
* [[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor]]
* [[Bulgan Province|Bulgan]]
* [[Darkhan-Uul Province|Darkhan-Uul]]
* [[Dornod Province|Dornod]]
* [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi]]
* [[Dundgovi Province|Dundgovi]]
* [[Govi-Altai Province|Govi-Altai]]
* [[Govisümber Province|Govisümber]]
* [[Khentii Province|Khentii]]
* [[Khovd Province|Khovd]]
* [[Khövsgöl Province|Khövsgöl]]
* [[Ömnögovi Province|Ömnögovi]]
* [[Orkhon Province|Orkhon]]
* [[Övörkhangai Province|Övörkhangai]]
* [[Selenge Province|Selenge]]
* [[Sükhbaatar Province|Sükhbaatar]]
* [[Töv Province|Töv]]
* [[Uvs Province|Uvs]]
* [[Zavkhan Province|Zavkhan]]
{{div col end}}

=== Major cities ===
{{Main|List of cities in Mongolia}}{{Pie chart|value1=44.2|value2=3.1|value3=2.6|value4=1.4|value5=1.3|value6=1.2|value7=1.2|label1=Ulaanbaatar|label2=Erdenet|label3=Darkhan|label4=Choibalsan|label5=Mörön|label6=Nalaikh|label7=Ölgii|value8=1.0|value9=1.0|value10=1.0|footer=The percentage of the population the top 10 most populous cities make up.|label8=Arvaikheer|label9=Bayankhongor|label10=Khovd|other=42.0}}

As of 2020, 47.6% of the population lives in Ulaanbaatar, further 21.4% lived in [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]], [[Erdenet]], the [[Provinces of Mongolia|aimag]] centers and [[Districts of Mongolia|sum]] centers, and other permanent settlements, and 31.0% in rural areas.<ref>{{cite book |last=National Statistics Office of Mongolia |title=MONGOLIAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2020 |date=2021-09-18 |url=https://www.nso.mn/en/statistic/file-library/view/47811478 |page=10 |publisher=Mongol Ulsyn Ündėsnij Statisikijn Horoo |isbn=978-99978-758-9-1 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522192729/https://www.nso.mn/en/statistic/file-library/view/47811478 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Largest cities
| name         = Largest cities and towns of Mongolia
| country      = Mongolia
| stat_ref     = National Statistics Office of Mongolia, 2020 {{URL|1=https://www2.1212.mn/tables.aspx?TBL_ID=DT_NSO_0300_004V5}}
| div_name     = Province

|city_1 = Ulaanbaatar | div_1 = Ulaanbaatar | pop_1 = 1,426,645 | img_1 = UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg
|city_2 = Erdenet | div_2 = Orkhon Province{{!}}Orkhon  | pop_2 = 101,421 | img_2 = Erdenet 01.jpg
|city_3 = Darkhan (city){{!}}Darkhan | div_3 = Darkhan-Uul Province{{!}}Darkhan-Uul | pop_3 = 83,213| img_3 =
|city_4 = Choibalsan (city){{!}}Choibalsan | div_4 = Dornod Province{{!}}Dornod | pop_4 = 46,683| img_4 =
|city_5 = Mörön | div_5 = Khövsgöl Province{{!}}Khövsgöl | pop_5 = 41,586
|city_6 = Nalaikh{{!}}''Nalaikh*'' | div_6 = Ulaanbaatar | pop_6 = 38,690
|city_7 = Ölgii (city){{!}}Ölgii | div_7 = Bayan-Ölgii Province{{!}}Bayan-Ölgii | pop_7 = 38,310
|city_8 = Arvaikheer | div_8 = Övörkhangai Province{{!}}Övörkhangai | pop_8 = 33,743
|city_9 = Bayankhongor | div_9 = Bayankhongor Province{{!}}Bayankhongor | pop_9 = 31,948
|city_10 = Khovd (city){{!}}Khovd | div_10 = Khovd Province{{!}}Khovd | pop_10 = 31,081
|city_11 = Ulaangom | div_11 = Uvs Province{{!}}Uvs | pop_11= 30,958
|city_12 = Baganuur{{!}}''Baganuur*'' | div_12 = Ulaanbaatar | pop_12 = 29,342
|city_13 = Dalanzadgad | div_13 = Ömnögovi Province{{!}}Ömnögovi | pop_13 = 27,525
|city_14 = Sainshand | div_14 = Dornogovi Province{{!}}Dornogovi | pop_14 = 24,552
|city_15 = Öndörkhaan{{!}}Chinggis City | div_15 = Khentii Province{{!}}Khentii | pop_15 = 22,216
|city_16 = Sükhbaatar (city){{!}}Sükhbaatar | div_16 = Selenge Province{{!}}Selenge | pop_16 = 22,470
|city_17 = Züünkharaa, Selenge{{!}}Züünkharaa | div_17 = Selenge Province{{!}}Selenge | pop_17 = 21,093
|city_18 = Tsetserleg (city){{!}}Tsetserleg | div_18 = Arkhangai Province{{!}}Arkhangai | pop_18 = 20,645
|city_19 = Baruun-Urt | div_19 = Sükhbaatar Province{{!}}Sükhbaatar | pop_19 = 19,255
|city_20 = Zamyn-Üüd | div_20 = Dornogovi Province{{!}}Dornogovi | pop_20 = 19,116
<!--
|city_21 = Altai (city){{!}}Altai | div_21 = Govi-Altai Province{{!}}Govi-Altai | pop_21 = 17,448
|city_22 = Zuunmod | div_22 = Töv Province{{!}}Töv | pop_22 = 17,017
|city_23 = Uliastai | div_23 = Zavkhan Province{{!}}Zavkhan | pop_23 = 16,397
|city_24 = Mandalgovi | div_24 = Dundgovi Province{{!}}Dundgovi | pop_24 = 12,644
|city_25 = Bulgan | div_25 = Bulgan Province{{!}}Bulgan | pop_25 = 12,581
|city_26 = Choir | div_26 = Govisümber Province{{!}}Govisümber | pop_26 = 10,766
|city_27 = Sharyn Gol{{!}}Sharyngol, Darkhan-Uul | div_27 = Darkhan-Uul Province{{!}}Govisümber | pop_27 = 7,889
-->
}}{{refbegin}}<sup>*</sup>Under Ulaanbaatar administration{{refend}}