Editing Mitosis (section)

==Diagnostic marker==
[[File:Mitosis appearances in breast cancer.jpg|thumb|Mitosis appearances in [[breast cancer]]]]
In [[histopathology]], the mitosis rate (mitotic count or mitotic index) is an important parameter in various types of tissue samples, for diagnosis as well as to further specify the aggressiveness of tumors. For example, there is routinely a quantification of [[Breast cancer classification#Mitotic count|mitotic count in breast cancer classification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/infductcabr/grading.html|title=Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast (Carcinoma of No Special Type)|website=[[Stanford University School of Medicine]]|access-date=2019-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911054536/http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/infductcabr/grading.html|archive-date=2019-09-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The mitoses must be counted in an area of the highest mitotic activity. Visually identifying these areas, is difficult in tumors with very high mitotic activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bertram CA, Aubreville M, Gurtner C, Bartel A, Corner SM, Dettwiler M, Kershaw O, Noland EL, Schmidt A, Sledge DG, Smedley RC, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M, Maier A, Klopfleisch R | display-authors = 6 | title = Computerized Calculation of Mitotic Count Distribution in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor Sections: Mitotic Count Is Area Dependent | language = en-US | journal = Veterinary Pathology | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 214–226 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31808382 | doi = 10.1177/0300985819890686 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Also, the detection of atypical forms of mitosis can be used both as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} For example, ''lag-type mitosis'' (non-attached condensed [[chromatin]] in the area of the mitotic figure) indicates high risk [[human papillomavirus infection]]-related [[cervical cancer]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} In order to improve the reproducibility and accuracy of the mitotic count, automated image analysis using deep learning-based algorithms have been proposed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bertram |first1=Christof A |last2=Aubreville |first2=Marc |last3=Donovan |first3=Taryn A |last4=Bartel |first4=Alexander |last5=Wilm |first5=Frauke |last6=Marzahl |first6=Christian |last7=Assenmacher |first7=Charles-Antoine |last8=Becker |first8=Kathrin |last9=Bennett |first9=Mark |last10=Corner |first10=Sarah |last11=Cossic |first11=Brieuc |last12=Denk |first12=Daniela |last13=Dettwiler |first13=Martina |last14=Gonzalez |first14=Beatriz Garcia |last15=Gurtner |first15=Corinne |last16=Haverkamp |first16=Ann-Kathrin |last17=Heier |first17=Annabelle |last18=Lehmbecker |first18=Annika |last19=Merz |first19=Sophie |last20=Noland |first20=Erika L |last21=Plog |first21=Stephanie |last22=Schmidt |first22=Anja |last23=Sebastian |first23=Franziska |last24=Sledge |first24=Dodd G |last25=Smedley |first25=Rebecca C |last26=Tecilla |first26=Marco |last27=Thaiwong |first27=Tuddow |last28=Fuchs-Baumgartinger |first28=Andrea |last29=Meuten |first29=Donald J |last30=Breininger |first30=Katharina |last31=Kiupel |first31=Matti |last32=Maier |first32=Andreas |last33=Klopfleisch |first33=Robert |title=Computer-assisted mitotic count using a deep learning–based algorithm improves interobserver reproducibility and accuracy |journal=Veterinary Pathology |year=2021 |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=211–226 |doi=10.1177/03009858211067478 |pmid=34965805 |pmc=8928234 }}</ref> However, further research is needed before those algorithms can be used to routine diagnostics. 
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File:Normal versus atypical mitosis.jpg|Normal and atypical forms of mitosis in cancer cells. A, normal mitosis; B, [[chromatin bridge]]; C, multipolar mitosis; D, ring mitosis; E, dispersed mitosis; F, asymmetrical mitosis; G, lag-type mitosis; and H, micronuclei. H&E stain.
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