Editing Mitochondrion (section)

=== Additional functions ===
Mitochondria play a central role in many other [[metabolism|metabolic]] tasks, such as:
* Signaling through mitochondrial [[reactive oxygen species]]<ref name="Li-2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li X, Fang P, Mai J, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang XF | title = Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as novel therapy for inflammatory diseases and cancers | journal = Journal of Hematology & Oncology | volume = 6 | issue = 19 | pages = 19 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23442817 | pmc = 3599349 | doi = 10.1186/1756-8722-6-19 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Regulation of the [[membrane potential]]<ref name="Voet-2006"/>
* Calcium signaling (including calcium-evoked apoptosis)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hajnóczky G, Csordás G, Das S, Garcia-Perez C, Saotome M, Sinha Roy S, Yi M | title = Mitochondrial calcium signalling and cell death: approaches for assessing the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in apoptosis | journal = Cell Calcium | volume = 40 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 553–560 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17074387 | pmc = 2692319 | doi = 10.1016/j.ceca.2006.08.016 }}</ref>
* Regulation of cellular [[metabolism]]<ref name="McBride-2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = McBride HM, Neuspiel M, Wasiak S | title = Mitochondria: more than just a powerhouse | journal = Current Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 14 | pages = R551–R560 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16860735 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.054 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006CBio...16.R551M }}</ref>
* Certain [[heme]] synthesis reactions<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oh-hama T | title = Evolutionary consideration on 5-aminolevulinate synthase in nature | journal = Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 405–412 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9249985 | doi = 10.1023/A:1006583601341 | bibcode = 1997OLEB...27..405O }}</ref> (see also: ''[[Porphyrin]]'')
* [[Steroid]] synthesis<ref name="Rossier-2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossier MF | title = T channels and steroid biosynthesis: in search of a link with mitochondria | journal = Cell Calcium | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–164 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16759697 | doi = 10.1016/j.ceca.2006.04.020 }}</ref>
* Hormonal signaling<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klinge CM | title = Estrogenic control of mitochondrial function and biogenesis | journal = Journal of Cellular Biochemistry | volume = 105 | issue = 6 | pages = 1342–1351 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18846505 | pmc = 2593138 | doi = 10.1002/jcb.21936 }}</ref> – mitochondria are sensitive and responsive to hormones, in part by the action of mitochondrial estrogen receptors (mtERs). These receptors have been found in various tissues and cell types, including brain<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alvarez-Delgado C, Mendoza-Rodríguez CA, Picazo O, Cerbón M | title = Different expression of alpha and beta mitochondrial estrogen receptors in the aging rat brain: interaction with respiratory complex V | journal = Experimental Gerontology | volume = 45 | issue = 7–8 | pages = 580–585 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20096765 | doi = 10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.015 }}</ref> and heart<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pavón N, Martínez-Abundis E, Hernández L, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Alvarez-Delgado C, Cerbón M, Pérez-Torres I, Aranda A, Chávez E | title = Sexual hormones: effects on cardiac and mitochondrial activity after ischemia-reperfusion in adult rats. Gender difference | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 132 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 135–146 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22609314 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.05.003 }}</ref>
* Development and function of immune cells<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Breda CN, Davanzo GG, Basso PJ, Saraiva Câmara NO, Moraes-Vieira PM | title = Mitochondria as central hub of the immune system | journal = Redox Biology | volume = 26 | pages = 101255 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31247505 | pmc = 6598836 | doi = 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101255 }}</ref>
* Neuronal mitochondria also contribute to cellular quality control by reporting neuronal status towards microglia through specialised somatic-junctions.<ref name="Cserép-2020"/>
* Mitochondria of developing neurons contribute to intercellular signaling towards [[microglia]], which communication is indispensable for proper regulation of brain development.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cserép C, Schwarcz AD, Pósfai B, László ZI, Kellermayer A, Környei Z, Kisfali M, Nyerges M, Lele Z, Katona I | title = Microglial control of neuronal development via somatic purinergic junctions | journal = Cell Reports | volume = 40 | issue = 12 | pages = 111369 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36130488 | pmc = 9513806 | doi = 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111369 }}</ref>

Some mitochondrial functions are performed only in specific types of cells. For example, mitochondria in [[liver cell]]s contain enzymes that allow them to detoxify [[ammonia]], a waste product of protein metabolism. A mutation in the genes regulating any of these functions can result in [[mitochondrial disease]]s.

Mitochondrial proteins (proteins transcribed from mitochondrial DNA) vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of proteins have been identified from [[heart|cardiac]] mitochondria,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor SW, Fahy E, Zhang B, Glenn GM, Warnock DE, Wiley S, Murphy AN, Gaucher SP, Capaldi RA, Gibson BW, Ghosh SS | title = Characterization of the human heart mitochondrial proteome | journal = Nature Biotechnology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 281–286 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12592411 | doi = 10.1038/nbt793 }}</ref> whereas in [[Murinae|rats]], 940 proteins have been reported.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Li X, Mueller M, Wang Y, Zong C, Deng N, Vondriska TM, Liem DA, Yang JI, Korge P, Honda H, Weiss JN, Apweiler R, Ping P | title = Systematic characterization of the murine mitochondrial proteome using functionally validated cardiac mitochondria | journal = Proteomics | volume = 8 | issue = 8 | pages = 1564–1575 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18348319 | pmc = 2799225 | doi = 10.1002/pmic.200700851 }}</ref> The mitochondrial [[proteome]] is thought to be dynamically regulated.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Liem DA, Mueller M, Wang Y, Zong C, Deng N, Vondriska TM, Korge P, Drews O, Maclellan WR, Honda H, Weiss JN, Apweiler R, Ping P | title = Altered proteome biology of cardiac mitochondria under stress conditions | journal = Journal of Proteome Research | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = 2204–2214 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18484766 | pmc = 3805274 | doi = 10.1021/pr070371f }}</ref>