Editing Mitanni (section)

==Mitanni rulers==
Mitanni, which first rose to power before 1550 BC,<ref>Barjamovic, Gojko, (2012). [https://www.academia.edu/2966805/The%20Mesopotamian%20Empires "Mesopotamian Empires"], in: P.F. Bang, and W. Scheidel (eds.), ''The Oxford Handbook of the Ancient State in the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean'', Oxford University Press, '''p. 125:''' "...The Mitanni empire covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq (ca. 1600-1340 BCE) but succumbed to internal strife and the pressure of an expanding Assyrian empire..."</ref><ref>Barjamovic, Gojko, (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nz0HEAAAQBAJ&dq=mitanni&pg=PA73 "The Empires of Western Asia and the Assyrian World Empire"], in: The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires, Oxford University Press, '''p. 76:''' "After 1600 BCE the area between Iran and Egypt was united into a dynamic regional system of empires, Mitanni covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq circa 1550-1340 BCE..."</ref> presents the following known kings:
:All dates are [[Chronology of the ancient Near East#Variant Middle Bronze Age chronologies|Middle chronology]]
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:100%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Rulers !! Reigned !! Comments
|-
| Maitta || ||[[Eponym]]ous founder, maybe mythical
|-
| [[Kirta]] || {{Circa|1540 BC}} || First known king, may be also legendary
|-
| [[Shuttarna I]] || || Son of Kirta based on [[Alalakh]] seal<ref>Jankowska, N. B.. "11. Asshur, Mitanni, and Arrapkhe". Early Antiquity, edited by I. M. Diakonoff, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013, pp. 228-260</ref>
|-
| [[Baratarna|Parattarna I]] || {{Circa|1500 BC}} || Son of Kirta, contemporary of [[Idrimi]] of [[Alalakh]], Pilliya of Kizzuwatna, Zidanta II of Hatti
|-
| Parshatatar || {{Circa|1485 BC}} || Son of Parattarna I
|-
| [[Shaushtatar]] || {{Circa|1465 BC}} || Contemporary of Sinia and Qis-Addu in Terqa; Tudhaliya I of Hatti; Niqmepa of Alalakh, sacks [[Assur|Ashur]]
|-
| Parattarna II || {{Circa|1435 BC}} || Contemporary of Qis-Addu in Terqa
|-
| Shaitarna || {{Circa|1425 BC}} || Contemporary of Qis-Addu in Terqa
|-
| [[Artatama I]] || {{Circa|1400 BC}} || Treaty with [[pharaoh]] [[Thutmose IV]], contemporary of pharaoh [[Amenhotep II]]
|-
| [[Shuttarna II]] || {{Circa|1380 BC}} || Daughter marries pharaoh [[Amenhotep III]] in his year 10
|-
| [[Artashumara]] || {{Circa|1360 BC}} || Son of Shutarna II, brief reign
|-
| [[Tushratta]] || {{Circa|1358 BC}} || Contemporary of [[Suppiluliuma I]] of the [[Hittites]], and [[pharaoh]]s [[Amenhotep III]] and [[Amenhotep IV]], [[Amarna letters]]
|-
| [[Artatama II]] || {{Circa|1335 BC}} || Treaty with Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites, contemporary of [[Ashur-uballit I]] in Assyria
|-
| [[Shuttarna III]] || {{Circa|1330 BC}} || Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites
|-
| [[Shattiwaza]] || {{Circa|1330 BC}} || Vassal of the [[Hittite Empire]], also known as Kurtiwaza or Mattiwaza
|-
| [[Shattuara]] || {{Circa|1305 BC}} || Vassal of [[Assyria]] under [[Adad-nirari I]]
|-
| [[Wasashatta]] || {{Circa|1285 BC}} || Son of Shattuara
|-
| [[Shattuara II]]|| {{Circa|1265 BC}} || Last king of Mitanni before Assyrian conquest
|}

All dates must be taken with caution since they are worked out only by comparison with the [[Chronology of the ancient Near East|chronology of other ancient Near Eastern nations]].

===Parattarna I / Barattarna===
{{Main|Baratarna}}
King Barattarna is known from a cuneiform tablet in Nuzi and an inscription by [[Idrimi]] of [[Alalakh]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grosz|first1=Katarzyna|title=The Archive of the Wullu Family|date=1988|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|location=University of Copenhagen|isbn=978-87-7289-040-1|page=11}}</ref> He reigned {{Circa|1500}}–1480 BC.<ref name="Maidman (2010)"/> Egyptian sources do not mention his name; that he was the king of Naharin whom [[Thutmose III]] (1479 – 1425 BC) fought against, can only be deduced from assumptions. This king, also known as Parratarna is considered, by J. A. Belmonte-Marin quoting H. Klengel, to have reigned {{Circa|1510}}–1490 BC (middle chronology).<ref>Belmonte-Marin, Juan Antonio, (2015). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287490208_Reflexiones_sobre_el_territorio_de_Carquemis_durante_el_periodo_mittanio "Reflexiones sobre el territorio de Cárquemis durante el periodo mittanio"], in Orientalística en tiempos de crísis, Pórtico, Zaragoza, p. 59.</ref> Parsha(ta)tar, known from another Nuzi inscription (HSS 13 165), an undated inventory list which mentions his death, is considered a different king than Barattarna by M. P. Maidman, Eva von Dassow, and Ian Mladjov.

Thutmose III again waged war in Mitanni in the 33rd year of his rule. The Egyptian army crossed the Euphrates at [[Carchemish]] and reached a town called Iryn (maybe present day Erin, 20&nbsp;km northwest of Aleppo.) They sailed down the Euphrates to [[Emar]] ([[Maskanah]]) and then returned home via Mitanni. A hunt for [[Syrian elephant|elephants]] at Lake Nija was important enough to be included in the annals.

Victories over Mitanni are recorded from the Egyptian campaigns in ''[[Nuhašše]]'' (middle part of Syria). Barattarna or his son Shaushtatar controlled the North Mitanni interior up to ''Nuhašše'', and the coastal territories from [[Kizzuwatna]] to Alalakh in the kingdom of Mukish at the mouth of the Orontes. Idrimi of Alalakh, returning from Egyptian exile, could only ascend his throne with Barattarna's consent. While he got to rule Mukish and Ama'u, [[Aleppo]] remained with Mitanni.

===Shaushtatar===
{{Main|Shaushtatar}}
[[File:Royal seal of Šauštatar of Mitanni.svg|thumb|right|The central section of Shaushtatar's royal seal. The cuneiform legend reads "DUMU Par-sa-ta-tar" and "LUGAL Ma-i-ta-ni"]]
[[Shaushtatar]] reigned as King of Mitanni {{Circa|1480}}–1460 BC.<ref name="Maidman (2010)">Maidman, M. P., (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XwiUydtXZWgC&dq=artasumara&pg=PR20 Nuzi Texts and Their Uses as Historical Evidence], p. xx.</ref> He sacked the Assyrian capital of [[Assur]] some time in the 15th century during the reign of [[Nur-ili]], and took the silver and golden doors of the royal palace to [[Washukanni]].<ref>Cline 2014, p. 61</ref> This is known from a later Hittite document, the Suppililiuma-Shattiwaza treaty. After the sack of Assur, Assyria may have paid tribute to Mitanni up to the time of [[Eriba-Adad I]] (1390&ndash;1366 BC).

The states of [[Aleppo]] in the west, and [[Nuzi]] and [[Arrapha]] in the east, seem to have been incorporated into Mitanni under Shaushtatar as well. A letter (HSS 9 1) sealed with the seal of Shaushtatar was discovered in the house (Room A26) of Prince Šilwa-teššup in Nuzi which lay just north of the main mound. The letter is addressed to Ithia, vassal ruler of Arrapha under Mitanni. Because Šauštatar is not mentioned in the letter and dynastic seals were often used after the reign of a ruler, especially in the periphery of empire, it is difficult to date this letter. Stein, based on various factors, puts the date at {{Circa|1400 BC}}. His [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] shows heroes and winged geniuses fighting lions and other animals, as well as a [[winged sun]]. This style, with a multitude of figures distributed over the whole of the available space, is taken as typically Hurrian.<ref>E. A. Speiser, A Letter of Sauäsatar and the Date of the Kirkuk Tablets, J AOS 49 (1929), pp. 269—275</ref> A second seal, belonging to Shuttarna I and found in Alalakh, used by Shaushtatar in two letters (AT 13 and 14) shows a more traditional Post-Akkadian - Ur III style.<ref>D. Stein, A Reappraisal of the "Saustatar Letter" from Nuzi, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 79, 36-60, 1989</ref>

During the reign of Egyptian Pharaoh [[Amenhotep II]], Mitanni seems to have regained influence in the middle Orontes valley that had been conquered by Thutmose III. Amenhotep II fought in Syria in 1425 BC, presumably against Mitanni as well, but did not reach the Euphrates.

===Artatama I and Shuttarna II===
{{Main|Artatama I|Shuttarna II}}
Later on, Egypt and Mitanni became allies, and King [[Shuttarna II]] himself was received at the Egyptian court. Amicable letters, sumptuous gifts, and letters asking for sumptuous gifts were exchanged. Three Amarna letters (EA 182 EA 183 and EA 185) were sent by Shutarna with two being sent from "Mušiḫuna".<ref>Baranowski, Krzysztof J.. "Appendix 1. The Senders of the Amarna Letters". The Verb in the Amarna Letters from Canaan, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 216-233</ref> Mitanni was especially interested in Egyptian gold. This culminated in a number of royal marriages: the daughter of King [[Artatama I]] was married to [[Thutmose IV of Egypt|Thutmose IV]]. Kilu-Hepa, or [[Gilukhipa]], the daughter of Shuttarna II, was married to Pharaoh [[Amenhotep III]], who ruled in the early 14th century BC. In a later royal marriage Tadu-Hepa, or [[Tadukhipa]], the daughter of Tushratta, was sent to Egypt.

When [[Amenhotep III]] fell ill, the king of Mitanni sent him a statue of the goddess [[Šauška|Shaushka]] ([[Ishtar]]) of [[Nineveh]] that was reputed to cure diseases.<ref>Gestoso Singer, Graciela. "Fortunes and Misfortunes of Messengers and Merchants in the Amarna Letters". Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Warsaw, 21–25 July 2014, edited by Olga Drewnowska and Malgorzata Sandowicz, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 143-164</ref> A more or less permanent border between Egypt and Mitanni seems to have existed near [[Qatna]] on the Orontes River; [[Ugarit]] was part of Egyptian territory.

The reason Mitanni sought peace with Egypt may have been trouble with the Hittites. A Hittite king called [[Tudḫaliya I]] conducted campaigns against [[Kizzuwatna]], [[Arzawa]], [[Ishuwa]], Aleppo, and maybe against Mitanni itself. Kizzuwatna may have fallen to the Hittites at that time.

===Artashumara and Tushratta===
{{Main|Artashumara|Tushratta}}
[[File:Cuneiform letter to Amenhotep III.jpg|thumb|left|Cuneiform tablet containing a letter from Tushratta of Mitanni to Amenhotep III (of 13 letters of King Tushratta). [[British Museum]]]]
Artašumara, reigned {{Circa|1360}}-1358 BC,<ref name="Mladjov"/> is known only from a single mention in a tablet found in Tell Brak: "Artassumara the king, son of Shuttarna the king," and a mention in [[Amarna letter]] 17.<ref name="Finkel, Irving L. 1984. pp. 187">Finkel, Irving L. "Inscriptions from Tell Brak 1984." Iraq, vol. 47, 1985, pp. 187–201</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=William L. |last=Moran |title=The Amarna Letters |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-8018-4251-4}}</ref> According to the later, after the death of [[Shuttarna II]] he briefly took power but was then murdered (by someone named Tuhi) and succeeded by his brother [[Tushratta]],<ref>Artzi, P., "The Diplomatic Service in Action: The Mitanni File”, in: R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (eds.): Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, Baltimore, London: 205–211, 2000</ref> who reigned {{Circa|1358}}-1335 BC.<ref name="Mladjov">Mladjov, I., (2019). [https://sepoa.fr/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/02.-NABU-2019-1.pdf "The Kings of Mittani in Light of the New Evidence from Terqa"], in: NABU 2019, No. 1, March, p. 34.</ref>

Knowledge of Tushratta comes from two sources, the Amarna letters and the texts of the Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaties between Hittite ruler Suppiluliuma I and a son of Tushratta named Shattiwaza. These pair of treaties found at the ancient Hittite capital of [[Hattusa]] codify the Mitanni Shattiwaza, probable son of Tushratta, entering the status of vassal to Suppiluliuma I. One (CTH 51, also known as KBo I 1) includes a historical prologue from the Hittite point of view which is complete,<ref name="Kitchen"/> this tablet also confirms that the existing Hittite treaty with Artatama II is still in effect so perhaps Suppiluliuma was hedging his bets.<ref>Altman, Amnon. "Šattiwaza's Declaration (CTH 52) Reconsidered." Acts of the V. International Congress of Hititology. 2005</ref> The other (CTH 52) includes a historical prologue from the Mitanni point of view which is partially lost though another fragment to this tablet was found in recent years.<ref>Beckman, Gary. "New Joins to Hittite Treaties", ZAVA, vol. 87, no. 1, 1997, pp. 96-100</ref> These prologues provide information about the events of the time of Tushratta but must be considered under the self interest of the two treaty parties.<ref name="Kitchen">Kitchen, K.A./P.J.N. Lawrence 2012. Treaty, Law and Covenant in the Ancient Near East. Wiesbaden.</ref> While the preambles of the treaties are a later retrospective and are filtered through the interests of the treaty parties, the tablets found in Egypt provide direct information. Eight Amarna letters were sent to pharaoh Amenhotep III (including [[Amarna letter EA 19|EA 19]] and [[Amarna letter EA 23|EA 23]]) and four to pharaoh Akhenaten (including [[Amarna letter EA 27|EA 27]]). A single Amarna letter was sent by Tushratta to [[Tiye|Queen Tiye]], wife of Amenhotep III, mother of Akhenaten and grandmother of Tutankhamun ([[Amarna letter EA 26|EA 26]]). A note in [[hieratic]] on the tablet stated that EA 23 arrived in the 36th year of Amenhotep III reign or roughly 1350 BC in the standard Egyptian Chronology.<ref name="Luckenbill">[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/479313] Luckenbill, D. D. "The Hittites." The American Journal of Theology, vol. 18, no. 1, 1914, pp. 24–58</ref>

Some of the Amarna letters covered minor matters between Tushratta and the pharaohs. Amenhotep III asked for Tushratta's daughter [[Tadukhipa]] in marriage and after some back and forth over bride-price she traveled to Egypt and became a wife of the pharaoh. And when that pharaoh was ill near the end of his reign Tushratta sent (EA 23) the Hurrian goddess [[Šauška]] of Nineveh (actually her cult statue) to him as had been done in the time of Shuttarna II.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ebin.pub_a-handbook-of-gods-and-goddesses-of-the-ancient-near-east-three-thousan/mode/2up]Frayne, Douglas R. and Stuckey, Johanna H.. "Š". A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 318-337</ref> The main focus of the Amarna letters, though, was a consequence of the realignment of power in Syria with the decline of Egyptian influence and rise of Hittite power, with a number of lesser powers caught in the middle.<ref>Rainey, Anson F.. "Amarna and Later: Aspects of Social History". Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors, from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, edited by William G. Dever and Seymour (Sy) Gitin, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 169-188</ref> In the first letter from Tusratta he claimed to have destroyed the Hittite forces that had invaded his territory and included a selection of the booty, including a chariot and several slaves. In later letters we see the Hittite ruler working to improve previously poor relations with the pharaoh so as to counterbalance Mitanni.<ref name="Luckenbill" /> According to other Amarna letters (EA 85, EA86, EA95) from [[Rib-Hadda]], king of [[Byblos]], Tushratta personally joined a large Mitanni raid into [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]].<ref>Altman, Amnon. "The Mittanian Raid of Amurru (EA 85: 51-55) Reconsidered", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 30, no. 2, 2003, pp. 345-371</ref> In another Amarna letter ([[Amarna letter EA 75|EA 75]]) Rib-Hadda tells Ahkenaten that all the lands of the Mitanni have been conquered by the Hittites but its date is uncertain.

The Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty says:
{{blockquote|When with the Sun, Shubbiluliuma, the great valiant, the king of Hatti, the beloved of Teshub, Artatama king of Harri, made a treaty and thereafter, Tushratta, king of Mitanni, exalted him, the king of Hatti, the valiant, exalted myself against Tushratta, the king of lands on this side of the river I plundered, and Mount Niblani I restored to my domain...When his son waxed strong with his servants, he slew his father Tushratta, the king. And when Tushratta, the king, died, Teshub gave a decision in favor of Artatama, and his son Artatama he spared...But the Harri people had become discontented and Shutatarra with the Marianni tried to kill Mattiuaza, the prince. He escaped and before the Sun, Shubbiluliuma...he came. The great king spoke thus: 'Teshub has rendered a decision in his favor.' Whereupon I took Mattiuaza, son of Tushratta, the king, into my hand, and placed him on the throne of his father."<ref name="Luckenbill, D. D. 1921, pp. 161">Luckenbill, D. D. “Hittite Treaties and Letters.” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 37, no. 3, 1921, pp. 161–211</ref> 
}}

Tusratta faced a difficult situation, an ascendant Hittite New Kingdom in the west and in the east an Assyrian power beginning to free itself of Mitanni control at the start of the Middle Assyrian Period. A rule book-ended by succession crises. With no Mitanni or Assyrian records we are left with the historical claims of the Hittite king, for better or worse. In summary they are:

*Political - With the death of Shutarna II a crisis involving Tushratta and Artashumara resulted in Tushratta taking the throne. To counter this the Hittites entered a treaty with another brother Artatama II, which did not pan out. Then, after a reasonably long reign (based on the timing of Amarna letters), Tushratta is killed by his son (unnamed but generally thought to be [[Shuttarna III]]) who then allies with the Assyrians to take power in Mitanni with Assyria getting some Mitanni territory in exchange. Another son of Tushratta, [[Shattiwaza]], then becomes a vassal of the Hittite king in exchange for help retaking part of the Mitanni territory (with the rest going to the Suppiluliuma' son [[Piyassili]] made king of [[Carchemish]]).<ref>Yamada, Masamichi. "The Hittite Administration in Emar: The Aspect of Direct Control", vol. 96, no. 2, 2006, pp. 222-234</ref> And this comes to pass. Note that the original treaty with Artatama II is specifically kept in force, suggesting he outlived Tushratta.
*Military - Tushratta having insulted the Hittite king, perhaps by refusing to be deposed, Suppiluliuma launched two campaigns against Mitanni interests, a "One Year War" and a "Six Year War". The first war is believed to have occurred roughly in the 15th regnal year of Ahkenaten.<ref>Bryce, Trevor R. "Some Observations on the Chronology of Šuppiluliuma's Reign." Anatolian Studies, vol. 39, 1989, pp. 19–30</ref> It is unclear how much time passes between them. Though unsuccessful at defeating Tushratta, the military efforts do manage to seize control of several Mitanni vassals/allies, including [[Kizzuwatna]], [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]], [[Aleppo]], and [[Nuhašše]].<ref>Cordani, Violetta. "One-year or Five-year War? A Reappraisal of Suppiluliuma's First Syrian Campaign" Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 38, no. 2, 2011, pp. 240-253</ref><ref>Astour, Michael C. "The Partition of the Confederacy of Mukiš-Nuḫiašše-Nii by Šuppiluliuma: A Study in Political Geography of the Amarna Age." Orientalia, vol. 38, no. 3, 1969, pp. 381–414</ref>

===Shattiwaza===
{{Main|Shattiwaza}}
[[File:Cylinder seal, ca. 1500–1350 BC Mitanni.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Cylinder seal, {{Circa|1500}}–1350 BC, Mitanni]]
Shattiwaza reigned {{Circa|1330}}–1305 BC,<ref name="Mladjov"/> (alternately Šattiwaza, Kurtiwaza, or Mattiwaza). What little is known about his period, like the later parts of the reign of his father, Tushratta, all comes from the partially recovered pair of Hittite texts in which Shattiwaza becomes a vassal of Hittite king Suppiluliuma I. The first text (CTH 51) lays out the condition of vassalage and in the second (CTH 52) Shattiwaza accepts these conditions. The text can be difficult to interpret because of gaps and the obtuse prose. The Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty reads:

{{blockquote|[When ?] (I), Mattiuaza, son of Tushratta, king of Mitanni, handed over to Shuttarna, [rulership] of Mitanni, Artatama, the king, his father, did what was not right. His palace(?) . . . together with his possessions, he wasted; 
to give them to Assyria and Alshe, he wasted them. Tushratta, the king, my father, built a palace, filled (it) with treasures, but Shuttarna destroyed it, he overthrew it."<ref name="Luckenbill, D. D. 1921, pp. 161">Luckenbill, D. D. “Hittite Treaties and Letters.” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 37, no. 3, 1921, pp. 161–211</ref>}}

The best that can be parsed out of the Hittite text is that some (unnamed) son killed the prior king Tushratta resulting in a succession crisis between Atratama II, brother of Tushratta, Shuttarna III, son of Tusratta, and Shattiwaza. son of Tushratta. The Hittites then made a treaty with Atratama II (still in effect as of the Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty). Some combination of Atratama II and Shuttarna III made an alliance with the Assyrians to hold power in Mitanni. returning cultic items taken when Mitanni king Shaushtatar sacked Asshur {{Circa|1450}}. This resulted in Shattiwaza going to Hittite king Suppiluliuma and declaring vassalage in exchange for Hittite military assistance. This ploy succeeded as the Hittite forces carried the day but the cost, besides becoming a vassal, was the ceding of some Mitanni territory to the Hittites, subsequently ruled by the king's son Piyassili as King of Carchemesh. As part of the agreement Shattiwaza would marry a daughter of Suppiluliuma as Queen and would be allowed ten wives but none of the other wives could be primary and the children from his marriage with the Queen would succeed. The Hittite text does include some tidbits about the war of succession which are hard to interpret. At one point the Hurrian nobles were taken to Taite and "crucified" though that practice was unknown in the ancient Near East until classical times. And at one point Shattiwaza flees to the [[Kassites]] with 200 chariots but the Kassites impounded the chariots and tried to kill him, which he mirsculously escapes and finds his way to Suppiluliuma. After presumably ascending the throne of what was left of Mitanni, Shattiwaza is lost to history.

===Shattuara I===
{{Main|Shattuara}}
Shattuara reigned {{Circa|1305}}–1285 BC.<ref name="Mladjov"/> The royal inscriptions of the Assyrian king [[Adad-nirari I]] ({{Circa|1307}}&ndash;1275 BC) relate how the vassal king [[Shattuara]] of Mitanni rebelled and committed hostile acts against Assyria. How this Shattuara was related to the dynasty of Partatama is unclear. Some scholars think that he was the second son of Artatama II, and the brother of Shattiwazza's one-time rival Shuttarna. Adad-nirari claims to have captured King Shattuara and brought him to Ashur, where he took an oath as a vassal. Afterwards, he was allowed to return to Mitanni, where he paid Adad-nirari regular tribute. This must have happened during the reign of the Hittite King [[Mursili II]], but there is no exact date.

===Wasashatta===
{{Main|Wasashatta}}
According to an inscription (BM 115687) by Assyrian king Adad-nirari I, Shattuara's son Wasashatta (also read Uasašatta), who reigned {{Circa|1285}}-1265 BC,<ref name="Mladjov"/> attempted to rebel. He sought Hittite help which did not come. The Hittites took Wasashatta's money but did not help. The Assyrians expanded further, and conquered the royal city of [[Taite|Taidu]], and took [[Washukanni]], Amasakku, [[Tell Barri|Kahat]], Shuru, Nabula, Hurra and Shuduhu as well. They conquered [[Irridu]], destroyed it utterly and [[salting the earth|sowed salt over it]]. The wife, sons and daughters of Wasashatta were taken to [[Assur|Ashur]], together with much booty and other prisoners. As Wasashatta himself is not mentioned, he may have escaped capture.<ref>Grayson, Albert Kirk. Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: From the beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi I. Vol. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1972.</ref> There is a letter (KBo. 1, 14) from a Hittite king (to probably the Egyptian king) referring to a "King of Hanigalbat" which was possibly Wasašatta.<ref>Skaist, Aaron. "The Chronology of the Legal Texts from Emar", vol. 88, no. 1, 1998, pp. 45-71</ref>

===Shattuara II===
{{Main|Shattuara II}}
According to the royal annals (A.0.77.1) of Assyrian king [[Shalmaneser I]] (1270s&ndash;1240s) King [[Shattuara II]] of Hanigalbat, rebelled against Assyrian control with the help of the Hittites and the nomadic [[Ahlamu]] around 1250 BC.<ref>Bryce 2005, p. 314</ref> Shalmaneser I claimed to have defeated the Hittites and Mitanni slaying 14,400 men; the rest were blinded and carried away. His inscriptions mention the conquest of nine fortified temples; 180 Hurrian cities were "turned into rubble mounds," and Shalmaneser "slaughtered like sheep the armies of the Hittites and the Ahlamu his allies." The cities from Taidu to [[Irridu]] were captured, as well as all of mount Kashiar to Eluhat and the fortresses of Sudu and Harranu to Carchemish on the Euphrates. Another inscription mentions the restoration of a temple to god [[Adad]] in [[Tell Barri|Kahat]], a city of Mitanni that must have been occupied as well.<ref>Grayson, A. Kirk, "Assyrian Rulers 3rd and 2nd Millennia BC (to 1115 BC)(Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, Vol 1)", University of Toronto Press, 1987, ISBN 9780802026057</ref>