Editing Meiji era (section)

=== Music ===
{{original research section|date=November 2020}}
The interaction of Western and Japanese music in Meiji era is foremost linked to the military, religious and educational fields. The Japanese assimilated Western culture and its music with the same surprising speed. Music panorama in Japan gradually became lively and prolific where the Western-inspired style music was flourishing.<ref name="Suda">{{Cite book|author= [[Yevgeniya Suda|Suda, Yevgeniya]]|title=Western influences on the Japanese music in Meiji period (1868-1912) ({{langx|ru|"Западные влияния в музыкальном искусстве Японии периода Мейдзи (1868&nbsp;— 1912)"}})|publisher=«Музична Україна»|location=Kyiv|year= 2019|pages= 272}}</ref><ref name="Eppstein">{{Cite book|author= Eppstein U.|title=The beginnings of western music in Meiji Era Japan: Thesis Ph. D. / [[Uri Eppstein]]|publisher=Tel Aviv University|location=Tel Aviv|year= 1983|pages= 184}}</ref><ref name="中村理平">{{Cite book|author= 中村理平|title=キリスト教と日本の洋楽|publisher=大空社|isbn= 9784756802361|location=Tel Aviv|year= 1996|pages= 737}}</ref>

====Military music====
The very first stage of Western adaptation in the Meiji period is associated with the military field. A little before the reopening of Japan the first military academy based on Dutch model was founded in [[Nagasaki]] where, alongside the military training, military music was taught, since it was acknowledged to be an important component of the martial arts. The first military band, called kotekitai, consisted of [[woodwind instrument]]s and [[drum]]s, was organized there.

Gradually, Western music became an integral part of the Japanese culture where the importance of Western music was undertaken as a part of a social project. The military bands played prominent role in the society. That included public concerts of Western music, which were held in a famous [[Rokumeikan|Rokumeikan Hall]] and [[Hibiya Open-Air Concert Hall|Hibiya Open-Air stage]] in [[Tokyo]], performing marches, patriotic music and European composers’ works ([[Richard Wagner]], [[Charles Gounod]], [[Peter Tchaikovsky]]).

With the contribution of foreign and Japanese authors, the first military music score collections were completed and published. In the military field, the Japanese conducting school was formed, the founders of which were English, French and German cultural figures such as [[John William Fenton]], [[Charles Leroux]], and [[Franz Eckert]]. Under their leadership, the first Japanese military conductors were raised: Suketsune Nakamura and Yoshitoyo Yotsumoto.<ref name="Suda" />

====Christian music====
Christian missions also became an important way for spreading Western-style music in Meiji era.

In the sixteenth century Portuguese missionaries introduced the first Western-style music to Japan: sacred choral music, music for organ, flute, harp, trumpet, violin, alto, double bass. However, soon [[Christianity]], along with its institutions, was banned. In the Meiji era, the ban of Christianity was lifted. Thus, [[Catholics|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] and [[Protestants|Protestant]] missionaries started actively preaching, and the introduction of sacred music became an integral part of their activities.

The Orthodox mission introduced traditional choral music in Japan. The great impact in the choral music development was made by Ukrainian musicians: conductors [[Yakov Tikhai]] (served in the Orthodox mission from 1874 to 1886) and Dmytro Livovsky (served in the Orthodox mission from 1880 to 1921). They organized the first traditional choirs in [[Holy Resurrection Cathedral]] in [[Tokyo]] (known as Nikolai-do), taught music in [[Tokyo Union Theological Seminary|Tokyo Theological Seminary]], completed and published the first musical score collections, and educated the first Japanese choir conductors and music teachers.{{citation needed |date=September 2023}} Among them are Roman Chiba, Alexey Obara, Innokentiy Kisu, Yakov Maedako, Petr Tokairin, Ioan Nakashima, Moisei Kawamura, Ioan Owata, Pavel Isiya, Vasiliy Takeda, Andrey Abe, Alexandr Komagai, Fedor Minato, Alexey Sawabe, Luka Orit.

All of them became Orthodox Christians and adopted Christian names.<ref name="Suda" />

====Education====
The educational field also was a major way for adopting Western-style music.<ref name="Howe-music edu">{{cite journal |last1=Howe |first1=Sondra Wieland |title=Women Music Educators in Japan during the Meiji Period |journal=Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education |date=Winter 1993–1994 |issue=119 |pages=101–109 |jstor=40318618 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40318618 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> The educational reforms were led by [[Isawa Shūji]] (1851–1917) and [[Luther Whiting Mason]] (1828–1896). In 1880, the Music Research Institute in Tokyo (Ongaku Torishirabe Gakari), headed by Izawa Shuji, was founded. The Institute had three main tasks: 1) to introduce compulsory music teaching in schools, to introduce Western-style songs; 2) to train music teachers for the further development of professional musical activities; 3) to create music score collections for children, in which Japanese and Western style music elements could be combined. Thus, the first music scores "The First Collection for Primary School" was published in 1881. The newly educated music teachers organized lessons in singing, music theory, playing musical instruments ([[Koto (instrument)|koto]], [[kokyū]], [[piano]], [[Organ (music)|organ]] and [[violin]]).

In 1887, the Music Research Institute was reformed into Tokyo Academy of Music, which gave the Institution a new status and contributed to its further development. Western music was regarded as an essential contributory factor for modernization. The new curriculum was improved, and the number and quality of the musical events increased.

Tokyo Academy of Music became the first Western-style music educational establishment in Japan. This was the nascence of schools teaching composition in the Western style in Japan, the genesis of an opera tradition in Japan, and laid the foundations for the Japanese formal tradition of familiarization with Western music.<ref name="Suda" />
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