Editing Matrilineality (section)

==== Hopi ====
{{Main|Hopi people}}
The [[Hopi people|Hopi]] (in what is now the [[Hopi Reservation]] in northeastern [[Arizona]]), according to [[Alice Schlegel]], had as its "gender ideology&nbsp;... one of female superiority, and it operated within a social actuality of sexual equality."<ref>[[Alice Schlegel|Schlegel, Alice]], ''Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority'', in ''Quarterly Journal of Ideology: "A Critique of the Conventional Wisdom"'', vol. VIII, no. 4, 1984, p. 44 and see pp. 44–52 (essay based partly on "seventeen years of fieldwork among the Hopi", per p. 44 n. 1) (author of Dep't of Anthropology, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson).</ref> According to LeBow (based on Schlegel's work), in the Hopi, "gender roles&nbsp;... are egalitarian&nbsp;.... [and] [n]either sex is inferior."<ref>LeBow, Diana, ''Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi'', ''op. cit.'', p. [8].</ref> LeBow concluded that Hopi women "participate fully in&nbsp;... political decision-making."<ref>LeBow, Diana, ''Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi'', ''op. cit.'', p. 18.</ref> According to Schlegel, "the Hopi no longer live as they are described here"<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1">Schlegel, Alice, ''Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority'', ''op. cit.'', p. 44 n. 1.</ref> and "the attitude of female superiority is fading".<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1" /> Schlegel said the Hopi "were and still are matrilinial"<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45">Schlegel, Alice, ''Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority'', ''op. cit.'', p. 45.</ref> and "the household&nbsp;... was matrilocal".<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45" />

Schlegel explains why there was female superiority as that the Hopi believed in "life as the highest good&nbsp;... [with] the female principle&nbsp;... activated in women and in Mother Earth&nbsp;... as its source"<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50" /> and that the Hopi "were not in a state of continual war with equally matched neighbors"<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49">Schlegel, Alice, ''Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority'', ''op. cit.'', p. 49.</ref> and "had no standing army"<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49" /> so that "the Hopi lacked the spur to masculine superiority"<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49" /> and, within that, as that women were central to institutions of clan and household and predominated "within the economic and social systems (in contrast to male predominance within the political and ceremonial systems)",<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49" /> the [[Haudenosaunee Clan Mother|Clan Mother]], for example, being empowered to overturn land distribution by men if she felt it was unfair,<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50">Schlegel, Alice, ''Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority'', ''op. cit.'', p. 50.</ref> since there was no "countervailing&nbsp;... strongly centralized, male-centered political structure".<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50" />