Editing Mario Vargas Llosa (section)

== Political views ==
After distancing himself from [[left-wing politics]], he embraced [[right-wing politics]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Hanson |first=Jack |date=5 July 2023 |title=The Miseducation of Mario Vargas Llosa |language=en-US |work=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/?post_type=article&p=440323 |access-date=9 July 2023 |issn=0027-8378}}</ref> In 1989, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that though Vargas Llosa's party appeared [[centre-right]], "he has ties with far-right politicians in other countries".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Eugene |date=26 March 1989 |title=The Vision of Vargas Llosa Peru as the Promised Land |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/03/26/the-vision-of-vargas-llosa-peru-as-the-promised-land/0fe25973-5685-49b1-a072-e9a76c86e0c7/}}</ref> Vargas Llosa continued to be criticized due to his association with [[far-right]] groups and politicians.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2021 |title=A López Obrador le "da gusto constatar la decadencia" de Mario Vargas Llosa |url=https://www.latimes.com/espanol/mexico/articulo/2021-12-29/a-lopez-obrador-le-da-gusto-constatar-la-decadencia-de-mario-vargas-llosa |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=9 December 2021 |title=Intelectuales rechazan el ingreso de Vargas Llosa en la Academia Francesa |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/vargas-llosa_intelectuales-rechazan-el-ingreso-de-vargas-llosa-en-la-academia-francesa/47178560 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=[[EFE]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2023 |title=Mario Vargas Llosa se prepara para hacer historia con su ingreso a la Academia Francesa |url=https://www.france24.com/es/europa/20230208-mario-vargas-llosa-se-prepara-para-hacer-historia-con-su-ingreso-a-la-academia-francesa |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=Intelectuales rechazan ingreso de MVLL a la Academia Francesa tras apoyo a Fujimori y Kast |url=https://larepublica.pe/mundo/2021/12/09/mario-vargas-llosa-intelectuales-rechazan-su-ingreso-a-la-academia-francesa-luego-de-apoyar-a-keiko-fujimori-y-jose-antonio-kast-elecciones-2021-chile-peru |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=[[La República]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mochkofsky |first=Graciela |date=19 July 2023 |title=The Puzzling, Increasingly Rightward Turn of Mario Vargas Llosa |language=en-US |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-puzzling-increasingly-rightward-turn-of-mario-vargas-llosa |access-date=31 July 2023 |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' called Vargas Llosa "a right-wing maverick"<ref name=":5" /> while the socialist magazine [[Jacobin (magazine)|''Jacobin'']] described him as a "far-right novelist".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelé Tried to Be an Apolitical Icon |url=https://jacobin.com/2023/01/pele-brazil-dictatorship-politics-world-cup |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Vargas Llosa described himself as a supporter of [[liberalism]] and said that the individuals who have had most impact on his political thought have included [[Karl Popper]], [[Friedrich Hayek]], and [[Isaiah Berlin]].<ref name=":32" /> According to ''[[The Nation]]'', Vargas Llosa would condemn leftist groups entirely due to the controversies of some while minimizing similar actions by [[neoliberal]] governments.<ref name=":32" /> Vargas Llosa was also one of the 25 leading figures on the Information and Democracy Commission launched in 2018 by [[Reporters Without Borders]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/mario-vargas-llosa|title=Mario Vargas Llosa &#124; Reporters without borders|date=9 September 2018|website=RSF}}</ref> He supported [[right-wing libertarian]] candidate [[Javier Milei]] in the [[2023 Argentine general election]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://elpais.com/argentina/2023-11-12/los-expresidentes-rajoy-pinera-duque-y-calderon-piden-el-voto-para-el-ultraderechista-milei-en-argentina.html | title=El Nobel Vargas Llosa y los expresidentes Rajoy, Duque y Piñera piden el voto para el ultraderechista Milei en Argentina | date=12 November 2023 }}</ref>

=== Chile ===
Following the arrest of [[Augusto Pinochet]] for crimes against humanity in 1999, Vargas Llosa wrote an op-ed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' asking why left wing dictators were not also being arrested.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jara |first=Matias |date=5 December 2021 |title=Kast: el candidato chileno que quiere construir zanjas en las fronteras con Perú y Bolivia |url=https://ojo-publico.com/3215/kast-el-candidato-chileno-que-quiere-construir-zanjas-en-la-frontera |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ojo Público]] |language=es}}</ref> During the [[2021 Chilean general election]], Vargas Llosa expressed support for conservative presidential candidate [[José Antonio Kast]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Brazil ===
During the [[2022 Brazilian general election]], Vargas Llosa expressed his endorsement for Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Mario Vargas Llosa, ganhador do Nobel de Literatura, diz que prefere Bolsonaro a Lula |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/mario-vargas-llosa-ganhador-do-nobel-de-literatura-diz-que-prefere-bolsonaro-lula-25507677}}</ref> "The case of Bolsonaro it's a hard question. His jokes are very hard to endorse, for a liberal [...] Now, between Bolsonaro and [[Lula]], I prefer Bolsonaro. Even with jokes from Bolsonaro, Lula no." said Vargas Llosa at a conference.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nobel de Literatura, Vargas Llosa diz que prefere Bolsonaro a Lula |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/nobel-de-literatura-vargas-llosa-diz-que-prefere-bolsonaro-a-lula/}}</ref>

=== Mexico ===
A month after losing the [[1990 Peruvian general election|1990 election]], at the invitation of [[Octavio Paz]], Vargas Llosa attended a conference in Mexico entitled, "The 20th Century: The Experience of Freedom". Focused on the collapse of communist rule in central and eastern Europe, it was broadcast on [[Mexican television]] from 27 August to 2 September. Addressing the conference on 30 August 1990, Vargas Llosa embarrassed his hosts by condemning the Mexican system of power based on the rule of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] (PRI), which had been in power for 61 years. Criticizing the PRI by name, he commented, "I don't believe that there has been in Latin America any case of a system of dictatorship that has so efficiently recruited the intellectual milieu, bribing it with great subtlety." He declared, "Mexico is the perfect dictatorship. The perfect dictatorship is not communism, not the USSR, not Fidel Castro; the perfect dictatorship is Mexico. Because it is a camouflaged dictatorship."<ref name="terra">''Terra.'' 7 October 2010. [https://archive.today/20130112184033/http://www.terra.com.mx/noticias/articulo/973216/Vargas+Llosa+a+20+anos+de+Mexico+es+una+dictadura+perfecta.htm Vargas Llosa a 20 años de "México es una dictadura perfecta"] (Vargas Llosa, 20 years after "Mexico is a perfect dictatorship").</ref><ref>''El País'' (Madrid). 1990 September 1. [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/AZUA/_FELIX_DE/TRIAS/_EUGENIO/VARGAS_LLOSA/_MARIO/MARSE/_JUAN_/ESCRITOR/PAZ/_OCTAVIO/SARAMAGO/elpepicul/19900901elpepicul_1/Tes Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024235439/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/AZUA/_FELIX_DE/TRIAS/_EUGENIO/VARGAS_LLOSA/_MARIO/MARSE/_JUAN_/ESCRITOR/PAZ/_OCTAVIO/SARAMAGO/elpepicul/19900901elpepicul_1/Tes|date=24 October 2011}}</ref> The statement "Mexico is the perfect dictatorship" became a cliché in Mexico{{sfn|Reding|1991|p=257}} and internationally, until the PRI [[2000 Mexican general election|lost power in 2000]].

=== Peru ===
In April 2011, during the [[2011 Peruvian general election|2011 general election]], Vargas Llosa said he was going to vote for [[Alejandro Toledo]] (who had already served as president from 2001 to 2006). After casting his vote, he said his country should stay in the path of legality and freedom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vargas Llosa votará por Alejandro Toledo en elecciones peruanas |url=http://elcomercio.pe/politica/739288/noticia-mario-vargas-llosa-votare-alejandro-toledo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410010859/http://elcomercio.pe/politica/739288/noticia-mario-vargas-llosa-votare-alejandro-toledo |archive-date=10 April 2011 |access-date=7 April 2011 |publisher=Elcomercio.pe}} | Source in Spanish: "Vargas Llosa will vote for Alejandro Toledo in Peruvian elections"</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vargas Llosa: Peru should maintain legality, freedom and economic development |url=http://www.andina.com.pe/ingles/Noticia.aspx?id=zsdtuw6005M= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120005915/http://www.andina.com.pe/ingles/Noticia.aspx?id=zsdtuw6005M%3D |archive-date=20 January 2012 |access-date=11 April 2011 |publisher=andina}}</ref>

After her introduction into politics, Vargas Llosa had a complex opinion on conservative politician [[Keiko Fujimori]], daughter of president of Peru [[Alberto Fujimori]]. During her candidacy in the 2011 general election, Vargas Llosa said "the worst option is that of Keiko Fujimori because it means the legitimation of one of the worst dictatorships that Peru has had in its history", endorsing and calling for Peruvian voters to consider [[left-wing]] candidate [[Ollanta Humala]] over Fujimori in the second-round ballot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Escalante |first=Claudia |date=22 May 2011 |title=Mario Vargas Llosa: La peor opción es la de Keiko Fujimori |url=https://rpp.pe/politica/actualidad/mario-vargas-llosa-la-peor-opcion-es-la-de-keiko-fujimori-noticia-367976 |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=[[RPP (Peru)|RPP]] |language=es}}</ref> After Fujimori announced her candidacy for the [[2016 Peruvian general election|2016 general election]], Vargas Llosa said in 2014, "Keiko is the daughter of a murderer and a thief who is imprisoned, tried by civil courts with international observers, sentenced to 25 years in prison for murder and theft. I do not want her to win the elections."<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Vargas Llosa sobre Keiko: 'No quiero que sea presidenta la hija de un asesino' {{!}} POLITICA |url=https://peru21.pe/politica/vargas-llosa-keiko-quiero-sea-presidenta-hija-asesino-187128-noticia/ |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=[[Peru21]] |language=es}}</ref> However, in the second round of the [[2021 Peruvian general election|2021 general election]], Vargas Llosa expressed support for Keiko, sharing opposition to far-left candidate [[Pedro Castillo]] and describing Fujimori as the "lesser of two evils".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=Keiko Fujimori would be 'lesser of two evils' as Peru president, says Nobel prize author |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/18/keiko-fujimori-would-be-lesser-of-two-evils-as-peru-president-says-nobel-prize-author-mario-vargas-llosa |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Peru's Vargas Llosa backs Keiko Fujimori ahead of June run-off |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210418082750-32reb/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=news.trust.org |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418103456/https://news.trust.org/item/20210418082750-32reb/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=Vargas Llosa manifesta apoio a Keiko Fujimori no segundo turno no Peru |url=https://istoe.com.br/vargas-llosa-manifesta-apoio-a-keiko-fujimori-no-segundo-turno-no-peru/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=ISTOÉ Independente |language=pt-BR}}</ref> French intellectuals, who criticized his admission to the [[Académie française]], said that Vargas Llosa contributed to the [[Peruvian political crisis (2017–present)|Peruvian political crisis]] during the 2021 general election.<ref name=":3" />

=== Spain ===
In February 2008 he ended his support for the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] in favour of the recently created [[Union, Progress and Democracy]], claiming that certain conservative views held by the former party are at odds with his classical liberal beliefs. His political ideologies appear in the book ''{{lang|es|[[Política razonable]]}}'', written with [[Fernando Savater]], [[Rosa Díez]], [[Álvaro Pombo]], [[Albert Boadella]], and [[Carlos Martínez Gorriarán]].<ref>{{citation |title=Escritor Mario Vargas Llosa retira su apoyo al PP y pide el voto para UPyD |date=25 February 2008 |url=http://actualidad.terra.es/articulo/escritor_mario_vargas_llosa_pp_2277630.htm |journal=Terra Actualidad |access-date=22 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203031829/http://actualidad.terra.es/articulo/escritor_mario_vargas_llosa_pp_2277630.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2008}}.{{in lang|es}}</ref> He continued to write, both journalism and fiction, and to travel extensively. He also taught as a visiting professor at a number of prominent universities.<ref>These include [[Queen Mary, University of London]], and [[King's College London]], both part of the [[University of London]], the Pullman campus of [[Washington State University]], the [[University of Puerto Rico]] at [[Río Piedras]], [[Columbia University]], [[Harvard University]], [[Princeton University]], [[Georgetown University]], and the [[City University of New York]]. See {{cite web |title=Biographical Sketch |url=http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/llosa/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070702194227/http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/llosa/ |archive-date=2 July 2007 |access-date=14 April 2008}}. Mario Vargas Llosa Papers. Princeton University Library. Retrieved on 14 April 2008.</ref>

Vargas Llosa was opposed to [[Catalan independence movement|Catalan independence]] from Spain. Attending [[2017 demonstration against Catalan independence|an anti-independence rally in October 2017 in Barcelona]], he said: "Spanish democracy is here to stay. No separatist conspiracy can destroy it."<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-41544565/catalonia-independence-peruvian-nobel-laureate-calls-for-unity-in-spain Catalonia independence: Peruvian Nobel laureate calls for 'unity' in Spain]". BBC News. 8 October 2017.</ref> In 2021, he attended a rally against the [[Trial of Catalonia independence leaders|pardon of the Catalan independence leaders]] in Madrid.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2021 |title=Fotos: La manifestación en Colón para protestar contra los indultos del 'procés', en imágenes |language=es |work=[[El País]] |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2021/06/13/album/1623578204_036328.html |access-date=22 August 2021 |issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2021 |title=Los rostros más conocidos en la plaza de Colón contra los indultos |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20210613/rostros-conocidos-plaza-colon-indultos/588721127_3.html |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[El Español]] |language=es}}</ref>