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==Early prose literature== List of early prose literature in the 19th century.<ref name=earlynovels19> {{cite book | last = Irumbayam | first = Dr. George | editor = Jacob, Jolly | title = മലയാള നോവൽ പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിൽ (malayāḷa nōval pattonpatāṁ nūṯāṇṭil) |trans-title=The Malayalam Novel in the Nineteenth Century | type = Study | edition = First D.C.P. | orig-year = 1984 |date=January 1997 | publisher = Cultural Publication Section, Government of Kerala | location = Thiruvananthapuram | language = ml }} </ref> ===Allegories=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width: 320px;" | Title ! style="width: 220px;" | Author ! style="width: 80px;" | Year ! style="width: 90px;" | Make ! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes |- | ''Sanchariyude Prayanam''<br />(സഞ്ചാരിയുടെ പ്രയാണം – Sancāriyuṭe Pṟayāṇaṁ) | Rev. C. Muller<br />Rev. P. Chandran | style="text-align: center;" | 1846 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' (English, 1674) by [[John Bunyan]] }} |- | ''Paradeshi Mokshayathra''<br />(പരദേശി മോക്ഷയാത്ര – Paradēśi Mōkṣayātṟa) | Rev. [[Arch Deacon Koshy|K. Koshy]]<br />Rev. Joseph Peet | style="text-align: center;" | 1844 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' (English, 1677) by [[John Bunyan]]<br />First repeated translation of an English literature to Malayalam }} |- | ''Thirupporattam''<br />(തിരുപ്പോരാട്ടം – Tiruppōrāṭṭaṁ) | [[Arch Deacon Koshy|Archdeacon. K. Koshy]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1868 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[The Holy War]]'' (English, 1682) by [[John Bunyan]] }} |} ===Plays=== Writers like [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[N. N. Pillai]], [[Cherukad]], [[Thoppil Bhasi]], [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] have contributed much to Malayalam drama.<ref name="clt"/> {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width: 320px;" | Title ! style="width: 220px;" | Author ! style="width: 80px;" | Year ! style="width: 90px;" | Make ! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes |- | ''Bashashankunthalam''<br />(ഭാഷാശാകുന്തളം – Bhaṣāśākuntaḷaṁ) | [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1850–1860 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|Abhijnanasakuntalam]]'' (Sanskrit ,1000 B.C-0400) by [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]<br /> The first prose translation to Malayalam from [[Sanskrit literature]] }} |- | ''Almarattam''<br />(ആൾമാറാട്ടം – Āḷmāṟāṭṭaṁ) | Kalloor Umman Philipose | style="text-align: center;" | 1866 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'' (1594–1595) by [[William Shakespeare]] }} |- | ''Kamakshee Charitham''<br />(കാമാക്ഷീചരിതം – Kāmākṣīcaritaṁ) | K. Chidambara Wadhyar | style="text-align: center;" | 1880–1885 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[Tales from Shakespeare|Tales from Shakespeare: As You Like It]] by [[Mary Lamb]]'', (Children's Story Adaptation-English,1807) ''[[As You Like It]]'' (1599–1600) by [[William Shakespeare]] }} |- | ''Varshakala Katha''<br />(വൎഷകാലകഥ – Varṣakāla Katha) | K. Chidambara Wadhyar | style="text-align: center;" | 1880–1885 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[Tales from Shakespeare|Tales from Shakespeare: The Winter's Tale]] by [[Mary Lamb]]'', (Children's Story Adaptation-English,1807) ''[[The Winter's Tale]]'' (1623) by [[William Shakespeare]] }} |} ===Stories=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width: 320px;" | Title ! style="width: 220px;" | Author ! style="width: 80px;" | Year ! style="width: 90px;" | Make ! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes |- | ''Oru Kuttiyude Maranam''<br />(ഒരു കുട്ടിയുടെ മരണം – Oru Kuṭṭiyuṭe Maraṇaṁ) | <Anonymous Writer> | style="text-align: center;" | 1847 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Published in the monthly periodical ''[[Rajyasamacharam]]'' December edition }} |- | ''Vishathinu Marunnu''<br />(വിഷത്തിന് മരുന്ന് – Viṣattinŭ Marunnŭ) | <Anonymous Writer> | style="text-align: center;" | 1848 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Published in the monthly periodical ''[[Rajyasamacharam]]'' February edition }} |- | ''Anayum Thunnanum''<br />(ആനയും തുന്നനും – Āṉayuṁ Tunnaṉuṁ) | <Anonymous Writer> | style="text-align: center;" | 1849 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Published in the monthly periodical ''[[Njananikshepam|Jnananikshepam]]'' August edition }} |- | ''Meenakethanan <small>or</small> Meenakethana Charitham''<br />(മീനകേതനൻ <small>or</small> മീനകേതനചരിതം – Mīṉakētaṉan <small>or</small> Mīṉakētaṉacaritaṁ ) | [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1850–1860 | style="text-align: center;" | Inspiration | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Inspired from 'The Story of the Prince Kamar-Ez-Zeman and the Princess Budoor', ''[[One Thousand and One Nights|The Thousand And One Nights Vol II]]'' by [[Edward William Lane]] (English, 1839) which is a translation of ''[[:ar: ألف ليلة وليلة|Kitab Alf Laylah Wa-Laylah]]'' (Arabic, 1100–1200) }} |- | ''Jathibetham''<br />(ജാതിഭേദം – Jātibēdaṁ) | [[Arch Deacon Koshy|Archdeacon. K. Koshy]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1860 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Published in the monthly periodical ''[[Njananikshepam|Jnananikshepam]]'' August, September, November editions }} |- | ''Aayalkarane Konnavante Katha''<br />(അയൽക്കാരനെ കൊന്നവന്റെ കഥ – Ayalkārane Konnavanṯe Katha) | <Anonymous Writer> | style="text-align: center;" | 1873 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = }} |- | ''Kallan''<br />(കല്ലൻ – Kallan) | <Anonymous Writer> | style="text-align: center;" | 1881 | style="text-align: center;" | Adaptation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Published in the periodical ''Vidyavilasini'' }} |- | ''Pullelikunchu''<br />(പുല്ലേലിക്കുഞ്ചു – Pullēlikkuñcu) | [[Arch Deacon Koshy|Archdeacon. K. Koshy]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1882 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Sequel to ''ജാതിഭേദം (1860)'', First sequel in Malayalam prose literature<br /> Divided into three parts: Part One is a prequel ''ജാതിഭേദം (1860)''. Part Two has a plot with same characters of the prequel and some new characters in a new situation. Part Three is presented as a religious tract following incidents of Part Two. }} |- | ''Vasanavikrithi''<br />(വാസനാവികൃതി – Vāsanāvikr̥ti) | [[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|Vengayil Kunjiraman Nayanar]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1891 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Regarded as the first short-story of Malayalam literature }} |} ===Novels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width: 320px;" | Title ! style="width: 220px;" | Author ! style="width: 80px;" | Year ! style="width: 90px;" | Make ! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes |- | ''Fulmoni Ennum Koruna Ennum Peraya Randu Sthreekalude Katha''<br />(ഫുൽമോനി എന്നും കോരുണ എന്നും പേരായ രണ്ടു സ്ത്രീകളുടെ കഥ – Phulmōni ennuṁ kōruṇa ennuṁ pērāya ranṭu strīkaḷuṭe katha) | Rev. Joseph Peet | style="text-align: center;" | 1858 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = First novel printed and released in Malayalam<br />First novel translated to Malayalam which was originally conceived in an Indian language<br />Translation of ''The History of Phulmani and Karuna'' (English,1853) by Mrs. (Hana Catherine) Mullens which is a translation of ''ফুলমনি ও করুণার বিবরণ [Fulmoni O Korunar Biboron]'' (Bengali ,1852) by [[Hana Catherine Mullens|Mrs. (Hana Catherine) Mullens]] }} |- | ''Ghathakawadham''<br />(ഘാതകവധം – Ghātakavadhaṁ)<ref name="ReferenceA">Ancy Bay 2015. Translating Modernity: Conversion and Caste in Early South Indian Novel – The Slayer Slain and Saraswathi Vijayam. Calicut: Olive Publishers.</ref> | Rev. Richard Collins<ref name=ku> {{cite book |title=Journal of Kerala Studies, Volume 9 |year=1982 |publisher=Kerala University|location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |pages=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk1DAAAAYAAJ&q=Slayer+Slain+malayalam+translator }} </ref> | style="text-align: center;" | 1877 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = First novel printed and published in Malayalam with a story based in Kerala and around Malayalees, First novel translated to Malayalam which was originally conceived in English<br />Translation of ''The Slayer Slain'' (English,1864–1866) by Mrs. (Frances) Richard Collins & Rev. Richard Collins }} |- | ''Pathminiyum Karunayum''<br />(പത്മിനിയും കരുണയും – Patmiṉiyuṁ karuṇayuṁ) | <Anonymous Writer> | style="text-align: center;" | 1884 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = First repeated translation of a novel to Malayalam<br />Translation of ''The History of Phulmani and Karuna'' (English,1853) by Mrs. (Hana Catherine) Mullens which is a translation of ''ফুলমনি ও করুণার বিবরণ [Fulmoni O Korunar Biboron]'' (Bengali ,1852) by [[Hana Catherine Mullens|Mrs. (Hana Catherine)]] }} |- | ''[[Kundalatha]]''<br />(കുന്ദലത – Kundalata) | [[Appu Nedungadi]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1887 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = First novel conceived and published in Malayalam, first novel by a Malayalee Keralite, First novel from [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]]<br />First Malayalam novel to have a story outside Kerala and without Malayali characters }} |- | ''[[Indulekha (novel)|Indulekha]]''<br />(ഇന്ദുലേഖ – Indulēkha) | [[O. Chandhu Menon|O. Chandumenon]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1889 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = First [[social novel]] in Malayalam, first novel made in Malayalam with [[Malayali]] characters and a story based in Malabar, Kerala, }} |- | ''Indumathee Swayamvaram''<br />(ഇന്ദുമതീസ്വയംവരം – Indumatīsvayaṁvaraṁ) | Padinjare Kovilakathu Ammaman Raja | style="text-align: center;" | 1890 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = }} |- | ''Meenakshi''<br />(മീനാക്ഷി – Mīṉākṣi) | C. Chathu Nair | style="text-align: center;" | 1890 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = }} |- | ''[[Marthandavarma (novel)|Marthandavarma]]''<br />(മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ – Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma) | [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1891 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = First Historical novel in Malayalam, Kerala and South India, First novel from [[Travancore]]<br />First Malayalam novel to be a part of a trilogy, First Malayalam novel to have a masculine title }} |- | ''Saraswatheevijayam''<br />(സരസ്വതീവിജയം – Sarasvatīvijayaṁ)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | Potheri Kunjanbu | style="text-align: center;" | 1892 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = }} |- | ''Parishkarapathi''<br />(പരിഷ്ക്കാരപ്പാതി – Pariṣkārappāti) | Kochuthomman Appothikari | style="text-align: center;" | 1892 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = }} |- | ''Parangodee Parinayam''<br />(പറങ്ങോടീപരിണയം – Paṟaṅṅōṭīpariṇayaṁ)<ref>Varughese, Shiju Sam. 2015. "Colonial Intellectuals, Public Sphere and the Promises of Modernity: Reading Parangodeeparinayam". In Bose, Satheese Chandra and Varughese, Shiju Sam (eds.). Kerala Modernity: Ideas, Spaces and Practices in Transition. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, pp. 41–58. {{ISBN|978-81-250-5722-2}}</ref> | Kizhakepattu Raman Menon | style="text-align: center;" | 1892 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = First satirical novel in Malayalam }} |- | ''Sarada''<br />(ശാരദ – Śārada) | [[O. Chandhu Menon|O. Chandumenon]] | style="text-align: center;" | 1892 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = First novel foretold to have sequels in a trilogy }} |- | ''Lakshmeekeshavam''<br />(ലക്ഷ്മീകേശവം – Lakṣmīkēśavaṁ) | Komattil Padu Menon | style="text-align: center;" | 1892 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = }} |- | ''Naluperiloruthan''<br />(നാലുപേരിലൊരുത്തൻ – Nālupēriloruttan) | C. Anthapayi | style="text-align: center;" | 1893 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = }} |- | ''Chandrahasan''<br />(ചന്ദ്രഹാസൻ – Candrahāsan) | P. Krishnan Menon<br />T. K. Krishnan Menon<br />C. Govindan Eledam | style="text-align: center;" | 1893 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = }} |- | ''Akbar''<br />(അക്ബർ – Akbaṟ) | Kerala Varma Valiya Koi Thampuran | style="text-align: center;" | 1894 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = First Historical novel translated to Malayalam<br />Translation of ''Akbar'' (English,1879) by M. M which is a translation of ''Akbar'' (Dutch ,1872) by [[:nl:Petrus Abraham Samuel van Limburg Brouwer|Dr. P.A.S van Limburg Brouwer]] }} |- | ''Kalyani''<br />(കല്യാണി – Kalyāṇi) | <Anonymous Writer> | style="text-align: center;" | 1896 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Published in ''Vidyāvinodini'' periodical }} |- | ''Sukumari''<br />(സുകുമാരി – Sukumāri) | Joseph Mooliyil | style="text-align: center;" | 1897 | style="text-align: center;" | Original | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = }} |- | ''Saguna''<br />(സഗുണ – Saguṇa) | Joseph Mooliyil | style="text-align: center;" | 1898–1899 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''Saguna'' (English, 1896) by Kirubai Sathyanathan Ammal }} |- | ''Kamala''<br />(കമല – Kamala) | C. Krishnan Nair | style="text-align: center;" | 1899 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''Kamala'' (English, 1896) by Kirubai Sathyanathan Ammal }} |} ===Apologues=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width: 320px;" | Title ! style="width: 220px;" | Author ! style="width: 80px;" | Year ! style="width: 90px;" | Make ! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes |- | ''Rasselas''<br />(റാസലസ് – Ṟāsalas) | Pilo Paul<ref name=InflWestMal1> {{cite book | last = George | first = Dr. K. M. | title = Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature | type = Study | orig-year = 1972 | year = 1998 | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | location = New Delhi | pages = 99 }} </ref> | style="text-align: center;" | 1895 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[Rasselas]]'' or ''The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia'' (English, 1759) by [[Samuel Johnson]] }} |- | ''Nandipa Deepika''<br />(നന്ദിപദീപിക – Nandipadīpika) | Kunji Kelu Nair | style="text-align: center;" | 1895 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[Rasselas]]'' or ''The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia'' (English, 1759) by [[Samuel Johnson]] }} |- | ''Rasalelika''<br />(രസലേലിക – Rasalēlika) | Thatha Kanaran | style="text-align: center;" | 1898 | style="text-align: center;" | Translation | {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left; | header = More | content = Translation of ''[[Rasselas]]'' or ''The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia'' (English, 1759) by [[Samuel Johnson]] }} |}
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