Editing Lombards (section)

==Genetics==
{{Further|Goths#Genetics|Visigoths#Genetics|Bavarii#Genetics|Alemanni#Genetics}}
A genetic study published in ''[[Nature Communications]]'' in September 2018 found strong genetic similarities between Lombards of Italy and earlier Lombards of Central Europe. Lombard males were primarily carriers of subclades of [[haplogroup R1b]] and [[Haplogroup I-M438#I2a2a|I2a2a1]], both of which are common among Germanic peoples. Lombard males were found to be more genetically homogeneous than Lombard females. The evidence suggested that the Lombards originated in Central/Northern Europe, and were a patriarchal people who settled Central Europe and then later Italy through a migration from the north.<ref>{{harvnb|Amorim|2018}}. "[B]iological relationships played an important role in these early medieval societies... Finally, our data are consistent with the proposed long-distance migration from Pannonia to Northern Italy."</ref>

A genetic study published in ''[[Science Advances]]'' in September 2018 examined the remains of a Lombard male buried at an [[Alemanni]]c graveyard. He was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup [[Haplogroup R-M269#R1b1a1a2a1a1 (R-U106)|R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b]] and the maternal haplogroup [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)#H2, H6 and H8|H65a]]. The graveyard also included the remains of a [[Franks|Frankish]] and a [[Byzantine]] male, both of whom were also carriers of subclades of the paternal haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1. The Lombard, Frankish and Byzantine males were all found to be closely related, and displayed close genetic links to [[Northern Europe]], particularly [[Lithuania]] and [[Iceland]].<ref>{{harvnb|O'Sullivan|2018}}. "Niederstotzingen North individuals are closely related to northern and eastern European populations, particularly from Lithuania and Iceland."</ref>

A genetic study published in the ''[[European Journal of Human Genetics]]'' in January 2019 examined the mtDNA of a large number of [[Early Middle Ages|early-medieval]] Lombard remains from Central Europe and Italy. These individuals were found to be closely related and displayed strong genetic links to Central Europe. The evidence suggested that the Lombard settlement of Italy was the result of a migration from the north involving both males and females.<ref name="Vai_2019">{{harvnb|Vai|2019}}. "[T]he presence in this cluster of haplogroups that reach high frequency in Northern European populations, suggests a possible link between this core group of individuals and the proposed homeland of different ancient barbarian Germanic groups... This supports the view that the spread of Longobards into Italy actually involved movements of people, who gave a substantial contribution to the gene pool of the resulting populations...This is even more remarkable thinking that, in many studied cases, military invasions are movements of males, and hence do not have consequences at the mtDNA level. Here, instead, we have evidence of maternally linked genetic similarities between LC in Hungary and Italy, supporting the view that immigration from Central Europe involved females as well as males."</ref>

A 2024 paper found that the Lombards of Italy were best modelled by a Jutlandic Iron Age source, consistent with an origin in Jutland or northern Germany.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv |date=2024-03-04 |first1=Torbjörn |last1=Ahlström |first2=Sofie Laurine |last2=Albris |first3=Morten E. |last3=Allentoft |first4=Isin |last4=Altinkaya |first5=William |last5=Barrie Andrés |first6=Biyaslan |last6=Atabiev |first7=Pernille |last7=Bangsgaard |first8=Peter |last8=de Barros Damgaard |first9=Maria |last9=Giovanna Belcastro |first10=Sophie |last10=Bergerbrant |first11=Stig |last11=Bergmann Møller |first12=Jialu |last12=Cao |first13=Nick Card Philippe |last13=Charlier |first14=Bruno |last14=Chaume |first15=Elizaveta |last15=Chernykh |first16=Torben |last16=Trier Christiansen |first17=Alfredo |last17=Coppa |first18=Maura |last18=De Coster |first19=Fabrice |last19=Demeter |first20=Jean-Paul |last20=Demoule |first21=Mads |last21=Dengsø Jessen |first22=Sean Dexter |last22=Denham |first23=Sophie |last23=Desenne |first24=Jane |last24=Downes |first25=Hanne M. |last25=Ellegård |first26=Per |last26=Ethelberg |first27=Anders |last27=Fischer |first28=Karin Margarita |last28=Frei |first29=Ralph |last29=Fyfe |first30=Olivér |last30=Gábor |first31=Marie-José |last31=Gaillard |first32=Johan Zakarias |last32=Gårdsvoll |first33=Charleen |last33=Gaunitz |first34=Jesper |last34=Hansen |first35=Ruslan |last35=Khaskhanov |first36=Katrine |last36=Kjær |first37=Lotte |last37=Hedeager |first38=Stijn |last38=Heeren |first39=Bjarne |last39=Henning Nielsen |first40=Merete |last40=Henriksen |first41=Rasmus Amund |last41=Henriksen |first42=Volker |last42=Heyd |first43=Mette |last43=Høj |first44=Evan K. |last44=Irving-Pease |first45=Rimantas |last45=Jankauskas |first46=Henrik |last46=Janson |first47=Johannsen Torkel |last47=Johansen |first48=Marie Louise S. |last48=Jørkov |first49=Mads |last49=Kähler Holst |first50=Anton |last50=Kern |first51=Vladimir |last51=Kolosov |first52=Lisette M. |last52=Kootker |first53=Kristian |last53=Kristiansen |first54=Guus |last54=Kroonen |first55=Anne Christine |last55=Larsen |first56=Thierry |last56=Lejars |first57=Mette |last57=Løvschal |first58=Niels |last58=Lynnerup |first59=Yvonne |last59=Magnusson |first60=Kristiina |last60=Mannermaa |first61=Vyacheslav |last61=Masyakin |first62=Hugh |last62=McColl |first63=Anne Lene |last63=Melheim |first64=Inga |last64=Merkyte |first65=Vyacheslav |last65=Moiseyev |first66=Erika |last66=Molnár |first67=J. Víctor |last67=Moreno-Mayar |first68=Larsen |last68=Morten |first69=Fischer |last69=Mortensen |first70=Nadja |last70=Mortensen |first71=Eileen |last71=Murphy |first72=Rasmus |last72=Nielsen |first73=Line |last73=Olsen |first74=Doris |last74=Pany-Kucera |first75=Thomaz |last75=Pinotti |first76=Marcia S. |last76=Ponce de León |first77=Abigail |last77=Ramsøe |first78=Håkon |last78=Reiersen |first79=Walter |last79=Reinhard |first80=Ingason Anders |last80=Rosengren |first81=Serena |last81=Sabatini |first82=Antti |last82=Sajantila |first83=Thorfinn |last83=Sand Korneliussen |first84=Gabriele |last84=Scorrano |first85=Bettina |last85=Schulz Paulsson |first86=Birgitte |last86=Skar |first87=Vladimir |last87=Slavchev |first88=Václav |last88=Smrčka |first89=Jacqueline |last89=Staring |first90=Jesper |last90=Stenderup |first91=Martin |last91=Sikora |first92=Søren M. |last92=Sindbæk |first93=Lasse |last93=Sørensen |first94=Ole |last94=Thirup Kastholm |first95=Georg |last95=Tiefengraber |first96=Zanette |last96=Tsigaridas Glørstad |first97=Otto Christian |last97=Uldum |first98=Frederik |last98=Valeur Seersholm |first99=Andrew |last99=Vaughn |first100=Jorge |last100=Vega |first101=Tharsika |last101=Vimala |first102=Lasse |last102=Vinner |first103=Daniele |last103=Vitali |first104=Alexey |last104=Voloshinov |first105=Sidsel |last105=Wåhlin |first106=Holger |last106=Wendling |first107=Thomas |last107=Werge |first108=Anna |last108=Wessman |first109=Eske |last109=Willerslev |first110=Jens |last110=Winther |first111=Helene |last111=Wilhelmson |first112=Karin |last112=Wiltschke |first113=Fulya Eylem |last113=Yediay |first114=João |last114=Zilhao |first115=Christoph P. E. |last115=Zollikofer |title=Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages |biorxiv=10.1101/2024.03.13.584607}}</ref>