Editing List of Roman emperors (section)

== Later Eastern emperors (457–1453) ==
{{See also|List of Byzantine emperors}}
=== Leonid dynasty (457–518) ===
{{Main|Leonid dynasty|Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Leonid dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Leo I Louvre Ma1012 n2 (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=bust]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]]''' "the Thracian"
| 7 February 457 – 18 January 474<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|457|2|7|474|1|18}})}}
| Low-ranking army officer; chosen by the ''magister militum'' [[Aspar]] to succeed Marcian
| 400/401 – 18 January 474<br/>{{Small|(aged 73)}}<hr/>First emperor to be [[Coronation of the Byzantine emperor|crowned]] by the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]]. Died of [[dysentery]]{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|1loc=Vol. II, pp. 663–664|3a1=Grant|3pp=312–314|2pp=1206–1207|4a1=Croke|4y=2004|4p=569–572}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Leo II.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]]''' "the Younger"
| 18 January – November 474<br/>{{Small|(10 months)}}
| Grandson of Leo I and son of Zeno; co-emperor since 17 November 473
| 467 – November 474<br/>{{Small|(aged 7)}}<hr/>Youngest emperor at the time of his death. Died of illness{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|1loc=Vol. II, pp. 664–665|2pp=1207–1208|3a1=Croke|3y=2004|3pp=563–575}}

|-
| [[File:Semissis of Zeno.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]]'''
| 29 January 474 – 9 January 475<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|474|1|29|475|1|9}})}}
| Husband of [[Ariadne (empress)|Ariadne]], a daughter of Leo I, and father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the [[Byzantine Senate|Senate]]
| 425 – 9 April 491<br/>{{Small|(aged 65)}}<hr/>Fled to [[Isauria]] in the face of a Revolt led by his mother-in-law [[Verina]] & [[Basiliscus]].{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=2223|1loc=Vol. II, pp. 1200–1202|3a1=Grant|3pp=327–329|4a1=Croke|4y=2004|4p=572}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Basiliscus.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Basiliscus]]''' 
| 9 January 475 – August 476<br/>{{Small|(1 year and 7 months)<hr/>''with'' [[File:Basiliscus and Marcus.png|26px|alt=coin]] '''[[Marcus (son of Basiliscus)|Marcus]]''' (475–476)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Brother of [[Verina]], the wife of Leo I. Proclaimed emperor by his sister in opposition to Zeno and seized Constantinople
| Unknown – 476/477<hr/>Deposed by Zeno upon his return to Constantinople; imprisoned in a dried-up reservoir and starved to death{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=Grant|2p=|1loc=Vol. II, pp. 212–214|2pp=330–331}}

|-
| [[File:Semissis of Zeno.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]]''' <br/>{{Small|('''second reign''')}}
| August 476 – 9 April 491<br/>{{Small|(14 years and 8 months)}}
| Retook the throne with the help of general [[Illus]]
| 425 – 9 April 491<br/>{{Small|(aged 65)}}<hr/>Saw the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire|end of the Western Roman Empire]]. Died of [[dysentery]] or [[epilepsy]]{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=2223|1loc=Vol. II, pp. 1200–1202|3a1=Grant|3pp=327–329|4a1=Croke|4y=2004|4p=572}} 

|-
| [[File:Flavius Anastasius Probus 01c (Anastasius I) (cropped).JPG|100px|alt=carved portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Anastasius I Dicorus|Anastasius I]]''' "Dicorus"
| 11 April 491 – 9 July 518<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|491|4|11|518|7|9}})}}
| Government official; chosen by Ariadne, whom he married, to succeed Zeno
| 430/431 – 9 July 518<br/>{{Small|(aged 88)}}<hr/>Oldest emperor at the time of his death. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=|1loc=Vol. II, pp. 78–80|2pp=86–87}}

|}

=== Justinian dynasty (518–602) ===
{{Main|Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Justinian dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Justin I (obverse).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justin I]]''' "the Thracian"<br/>{{Small|''Justinus''}}
| 9/10 July 518 – 1 August 527<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|518|7|9|527|8|1}})}}
| Soldier; proclaimed emperor by the troops after the death of Anastasius I
| 450 – 1 August 527<br/>{{Small|(aged 77)}}<hr/>Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=1082|1loc=Vol. II, pp. 648–651|3a1=Grierson|3y=1962|3p=45}}

|-
| [[File:Mosaic of Justinianus I (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=mosaic]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justinian I]]''' "the Great"<br/>{{Small|''Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus''}}
| 1 April 527 – 14 November 565<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|527|4|1|565|11|14}})}}
| Nephew and adoptive son of Justin I
| 482 <!--He was crowned at the age of 45, Zonaras XIV 5, see PLRE.-->– 14 November 565<br/>{{Small|(aged 83)}}<hr/>Temporarily reconquered half of the [[Western Roman Empire]], including [[Duchy of Rome|Rome]]. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=|1loc=Vol. II, pp. 645–648|2pp=1083–1084}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Justin II (obverse).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justin II]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Justinus''}}
| 14 November 565 – 5 October 578<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|565|11|14|578|10|5}})}}
| Son of [[Vigilantia]], sister of Justinian I
| Unknown – 5 October 578<hr/>Lost most of Italy to the [[Lombards]] by 570. Suffered an attack of dementia in 574, whereafter the government was run by regents. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=|1loc=Vol. IIIA, pp. 754–756|2pp=1082–1083|3a1=Grierson|3y=1962|3p=47}}

|-
| [[File:Tiberios II (obverse).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Tiberius II Constantine|'''Tiberius II''' Constantine]]<br/>{{Small|''Tiberius Constantinus''}}
| 26 September 578 – 14 August 582<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|578|9|26|582|8|14}})}}
| Adoptive son of Justin II
| Mid-6th century – 14 August 582<hr/>Died after a sudden illness, supposedly after accidentally eating bad food{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=|1loc=Vol. IIIB, pp. 1323–1326|2pp=2083–2084}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Maurice (transitional issue).png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Mauricius Tiberius''}}
| 13 August 582 – 27 November 602<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|582|8|13|602|11|27}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Solidus of Theodosius (son of Maurice).png|30px|alt=coin]] '''[[Theodosius (son of Maurice)|Theodosius]]''' (590–602)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Husband of [[Constantina (empress)|Constantina]], a daughter of Tiberius&nbsp;II
| 539 – 27 November 602<br/>{{Small|(aged 63)}}<hr/>Captured and executed by troops loyal to [[Phocas]]{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=1318|1loc=Vol. IIIB, pp. 855–860}}

|-
! colspan=5 | &nbsp;

|-
| [[File:Phocas (cropped3to4).jpg|100px|alt=statue portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Phocas]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Focas''}}
| 23 November 602 – 5 October 610<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|602|11|23|610|10|5}})}}
| [[Centurion]] in the army; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Maurice
| 547 – 5 October 610<br/>{{Small|(aged 63)}}<hr/>Deposed and then beheaded on the orders of [[Heraclius]]{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=1666|1loc=Vol. IIIB, pp. 1030–1032}}

|}

=== Heraclian dynasty (610–695) ===
{{Main|Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Heraclian dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Heraclius as job (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Heraclius]]'''{{Small|<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ἡράκλειος}}{{Efn|From 629 onwards, Heraclius issued administrative documents in Greek.{{Sfn|Kaegi|2003|p=194}} Latin continued to be used in communication with Western Europe until the end of the empire and coins continued to be struck with Latin inscriptions until the early eighth century.{{Sfn|Grierson|1973|p=177}}}}
| 5 October 610 – 11 February 641<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|610|10|5|641|2|11}})}}
| Son of [[Heraclius the Elder]], the [[exarch of Carthage]]. Led a revolt against Phocas
| 574/575 – 11 February 641<br/>{{Small|(aged 66)}}<!--Nikephoros' "Breviarum", the closest source to Heraclius' time, explicitally states that he died at the age of 66 (see PLRE).--><hr/>Ended the [[Roman–Persian Wars|Persian Wars]], but suffered the [[Early Muslim conquests|loss of the Levant]] to the Muslims. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|2a1=ODB|2p=916–917|1loc=Vol. IIIA, p. 587|3a1=Treadgold|3y=1997|3pp=306, 308}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus Heraclius Constantine Obverse.jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Heraclius Constantine]]'''<br/>{{Small|('''Constantine III'''){{Efn|name=Constantine3|There is particular confusion surrounding the name "Constantine III", as it has been applied to both a Western ([[Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)|Constantine]]) and an Eastern emperor ([[Heraclius Constantine]]). Heraclius Constantine is often enumerated as 'Constantine III',{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|1loc=Vol. IIIA, p. 349|2a1=Grierson|2y=1973|2p=385|3a1=Treadgold|3y=1997|3p=308ff|4a1=Kaegi|4y=2003|4p=112ff}} but this name is also often applied to the earlier western emperor and has also been used for Heraclius Constantine's son [[Constans II]] (who actually ruled under the name 'Constantine', 'Constans' being a nickname).{{Sfn|Foss|2005|pp=93–94}}}}<br/>''Heraclius Constantinus''<br/>Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος}}
| 11 February – 25 May 641<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|641|2|11|641|5|25}})}}
| Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 22 January 613
| 3 May 612 – 25 May 641<br/>{{Small|(aged 29)}}<hr/>Died of [[tuberculosis]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=916–917|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2p=48|3a1=Treadgold|3y=1997|3p=309}}

|-
| [[File:Heraclius solidus sb 764 (obverse).png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Heraclonas]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Heraclius'', Ἡράκλειος}}
| 25 May – 5 November (?) 641<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|641|5|25|641|11|5}})<hr/>''with his brother'' [[David (son of Heraclius)|'''Tiberius'''-David]] (641)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 4 July 638. Co-ruler with Constantine and then sole emperor under the regency of his mother [[Martina (empress)|Martina]]
| 626 – unknown<hr/>Deposed, mutilated and exiled, subsequent fate unknown{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|1loc=Vol. IIIA, p. 588|2a1=ODB|2p=918|3a1=Treadgold|3y=1990|3pp=431–33}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus Constans II (transparent).png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constans II]]''' "the Bearded"<br/>{{Small|''Constantinus'', Κωνσταντῖνος}}
| September 641 – 15 July 668<br/>{{Small|(26 years and 10 months)}}
| Son of Heraclius Constantine; proclaimed co-emperor by Heraclonas at age 11
| 7 November 630 – 15 July 668<br/>{{Small|(aged 37)}}<hr/>[[Siege of Alexandria (641)|Lost Egypt]] in 641. Murdered in [[Exarchate of Ravenna|Sicily]] while bathing by supporters of [[Mezezius]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=496–497|2a1=Grierson|2y=1968|2p=402}}

|-
| [[File:Constantine IV mosaic (cropped) (2).png|100px|alt=mosaic]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantine IV]]''' "the Younger"<br/>{{Small|''Constantinus'', Κωνσταντῖνος}}
| September 668 – 10 July (?) 685<br/>{{Small|(16 years and 10 months)<hr/>''with his brothers''<br/>[[File:INC-3023-r Солид. Констант II, Константин IV. Ок. 661—668 гг. (реверс).png|25px|alt=coin]] [[Heraclius (son of Constans II)|'''Heraclius''']] and [[Tiberius (son of Constans II)|'''Tiberius''']] (659–681)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}{{Efn|Tiberius and Heraclius were crowned by their father [[Constans II]] on 2 June 659, likely as babies. Constantine tried to get rid of his brothers as soon as they came of age, but the army rioted. He initially accepted, but quickly turn against the leaders of the revolt and executed them. Then, around October 681, [[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture|cut the noses]] of their brothers, a common Byzantine punishment that disqualified anyone from the throne.{{sfn|Grierson|1968|pp=402-403, 512-514}}}}
| Son of Constans II; co-emperor since 13 April 654
| Roughly 650 – 10 July (?) 685<br/>{{Small|(aged about 35)}}<hr/>Defeated the [[First Arab Siege of Constantinople]]. Died of [[dysentery]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=500–501|2a1=Grierson|2y=1968|2pp=402, 512}}

|-
| [[File:Justinian II mosaic (cropped).png|100px|alt=mosaic]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justinian II]]''' "Rhinotmetus"<br/>{{Small|''Justinianus'', Ἰουστινιανός}}
| July 685 – 695<br/>{{Small|(10 years)}}
| Son of Constantine IV, chosen as successor over Constans' sons
| 668/669 <!--He was crowned at the age of 16.-->– 4 November 711<br/>{{Small|(aged 42)}}<hr/>Deposed and mutilated (hence his nickname, "Slit-nosed") by [[Leontios|Leontius]] in 695; returned to the throne in 705{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1084–1085|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2pp=50–51|3a1=Grierson|3y=1968|3p=568}}

|}

=== Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717) ===
{{Main|Twenty Years' Anarchy}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Twenty Years' Anarchy}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Leontius.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leontius]]'''<br/>{{Small|Λέων(τιος)}}
| 695 – 698<br/>{{Small|(3 years)}}
| General; deposed Justinian II
| Unknown – 15 February (?) 706<hr/>Lost Africa & Carthage to the Muslims. Deposed by [[Tiberius III]] in 698 and later executed by Justinian&nbsp;II in 706{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1212–1213}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Tiberius III Apsimar.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Tiberius III]]'''{{Small|<br/>Τιβέριος}}
| 698 – 21 August (?) 705<br/>{{Small|(7 years)}}
| General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Leontius
| Unknown – 15 February (?) 706<hr/>Deposed and later executed by Justinian&nbsp;II alongside [[Leontius]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2084|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2p=51}}

|-
| [[File:Justinian II mosaic (cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justinian II]]''' "Rhinotmetus"<br/>{{Small|''Justinianus'', Ἰουστινιανός<br/>('''second reign''')}}
| 21 August (?) 705 – 4 November 711<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|705|8|21|711|11|4}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Solidus of Justinian II and Tiberius (obverse).jpg|30px]] [[Tiberius (son of Justinian II)|'''Tiberius''']] (706–711)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Retook the throne with the aid of the [[Khazars]]
| 668/669 – 4 November 711<br/>{{Small|(aged 42)}}<hr/>Killed by supporters of [[Philippicus]] after fleeing Constantinople{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1084–1085|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2pp=50–51}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Philippicus.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Philippicus]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Filepicus'', Φιλιππικός}}
| 4 November 711 – 3 June 713<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|711|11|4|713|6|3}})}}
| General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Justinian II
| Unknown – 20 January 714/715<hr/>Deposed and blinded in favor of [[Anastasius II (emperor)|Anastasius II]], later died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=|1p=1654|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2pp=51–52}}

|-
| [[File:Tremissis of Anastasius II.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Anastasius II (emperor)|Anastasius II]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Artemius Anastasius''<br/>Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος}}
| 4 June 713 – fall 715<br/>{{Small|(less than 2 years)}}
| Senior court official, proclaimed emperor after the deposition of Philippicus
| Unknown – 1 June 719<hr/>Abdicated to [[Theodosius III]] after a six-month civil war, becoming a monk. Beheaded by [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo&nbsp;III]] after an attempt to retake the throne{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=87|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2p=52}}

|-
| [[File:Coin of Theodosius III.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Theodosius III]]'''{{Small|<br/>Θεοδόσιος}}
| Fall 715 – 25 March 717<br/>{{Small|(less than 2 years)}}
| Tax-collector, possibly son of Tiberius III; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Anastasius II
| Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed by [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]], whereafter he became a monk. His subsequent fate is unknown.{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2052}}

|}

=== Isaurian (Syrian) dynasty (717–802) ===
{{Main|Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty}}
{{Legend|#EBEBEB|({{Hash-tag}}) – Ambiguous legitimacy{{Efn|name=ambig}}}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Isaurian dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Leo III sb1504.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]]''' "the Isaurian"<br/>{{Small|Λέων}}{{Efn|Latin ceased being used in coin inscriptions under Leo III.{{Sfn|Grierson|1973|p=177}}}}
| 25 March 717 – 18 June 741<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|717|3|25|741|6|18}})}}
| General; deposed Theodosius III
|{{Circa}} 685 – 18 June 741<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 56)}}<hr/>Ended [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim expansion]] in Anatolia. Died of [[dropsy]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1208–1209|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=356}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Constantine V (transparent background).png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantine V]]''' "Copronymus"<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος}}
| 18 June 741 – 14 September 775<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|741|6|18|775|9|14}})}}
| Son of Leo III; co-emperor since 31 March 720
| 718 – 14 September 775<br/>{{Small|(aged 57)}}<hr/>Last emperor to rule over Rome. Vilified by later historians for his religious policies, hence his nickname "Dung-Named". Died of a fever{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=501|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=366|3a1=PmbZ|3loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D43/F18.htm Konstantinos 7] (#3703)}}

|-
| style="background:#EBEBEB" | [[File:Solidus of Artabasdos.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB" | '''[[Artabasdos]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{Small|Ἀρτάβασδος}}
| style="background:#EBEBEB" | June 741 – 2 November 743<br/>{{Small|(2 years and 5 months)<hr/>''with'' [[File:Artabasdos-Nikephoros coin.png|26px|alt=coin]] [[Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)|'''Nikephoros''']] (741–743)}}
| style="background:#EBEBEB" | Husband of [[Anna (wife of Artabasdos)|Anna]], a daughter of Leo III. Revolted against Constantine V and briefly ruled at Constantinople
| style="background:#EBEBEB" | Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed and blinded by Constantine V, relegated to a monastery where he died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=192|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=356 (n. 12, p. 939)|3a1=Garland|3y=2006|3p=10|4a1=Schreiner|4pp=85–86}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Leo IV and Constantine VI.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo IV the Khazar|Leo IV]]''' "the Khazar"<br/>{{Small|Λέων}}
| 14 September 775 – 8 September 780<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|775|9|14|780|9|8}})}}
| Son of Constantine V; co-emperor since 6 June 751
| 25 January 750 – 8 September 780<br/>{{Small|(aged 30)}}<hr/>Died of a fever{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1209|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D48/F19.htm Leo 4] (#4243)}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Constantine VI.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantine VI]]''' "the Blind"<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος}}
| 8 September 780 – 19 August 797<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|780|9|8|797|8|19}})}}
| Son of Leo IV; co-emperor since 14 April 776
| 14 January 771 – before 805<br/>{{Small|(aged less than 34)}}<hr/>Last emperor to be recognized in the West. Deposed, blinded and exiled by [[Irene of Athens|Irene]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=501–502|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=417–424|3a1=PmbZ|3loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D43/F19.htm Konstantinos 8] (#3704)}}

|-
| [[File:Solidus of Irene.png|100px|alt=coin]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Irene of Athens|Irene]]'''<br/>{{Small|Εἰρήνη}}
| 19 August 797 – 31 October 802<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|797|8|19|802|10|31}})}}
| Widow of Leo IV and former regent of Constantine VI. Became co-ruler in 792. Dethroned and blinded her son Constantine in 797, becoming the first female ruler of the empire
| c. 752 – 9 August 803<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 51)}}<hr/>Deposed by [[Nikephoros I]] and exiled to [[Lesbos]], where she died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1008–1009|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2p=55}}

|}

=== Nikephorian dynasty (802–813) ===
{{Main|Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Nikephorian dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait{{Efn|Most of miniature portraits used for the 9th to 11th centuries are not contemporary, but taken from the 12th-century ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]''. The portrait of [[Nikephoros I]] is taken from the ''[[Manasses Chronicle]]'' ({{circa}}&nbsp;1345), while the portrait of [[Nikephoros II]] is taken from a 15th-century miniature of uncertain origin. All of these portraits are almost certainly imaginary. The 15th-century ''[[Mutinensis gr. 122]]'' is used for some 11th-century emperors with no surviving portrait, although these are probably imaginary as well.|name=Madrid}}
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Nikephoros I Logothetes.jpg|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Nikephoros I]]'''<br/ >"the Logothete"<br/>{{Small|Νικηφόρος}}
| 31 October 802 – 26 July 811<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|802|10|31|811|7|26}})}}
| Court official; proclaimed emperor in opposition to Irene
|{{Circa}} 760 – 26 July 811<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 51)}}<hr/>Killed at the [[Battle of Pliska]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1476–1477}}

|-
| [[File:INC-1870-r Солид. Никифор I и его сын Ставракий. Ок. 803—811 гг. (реверс).png|alt=coin|100px]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Staurakios]]'''<br/>{{Small|Σταυράκιος}}
| 28 July – 2 October 811<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|811|7|28|811|10|2}})}}
| Son of Nikephoros I; co-emperor since 25 December 803. Proclaimed emperor after the death of his father
| 790s – 11 January 812<br/>{{Small|(in his late teens)}}<hr/>Wounded at [[Battle of Pliska|Pliska]]; abdicated in favor of Michael I and became a monk{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1945–1946|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2p=55|3a1=Treadgold|3y=1997|3p=429}}

|-
| [[File:Byzantine co-emperor.jpg|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Michael I Rangabe|'''Michael I''' Rangabe]]<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ}}
| 2 October 811 – 11 July 813<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|811|10|2|813|7|11}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Theophylact (811-813).png|25px]] '''[[Theophylact (son of Michael I)|Theophylact]]''' and [[Staurakios (son of Michael I)|'''Staurakios''' ('''II''')]]}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Husband of [[Prokopia]], a daughter of Nikephoros I
| c. 770 – 11 January 844<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 74)}}<hr/>Abdicated in 813 in favor of [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] after suffering a defeat at the [[Battle of Versinikia]] and retired as a monk{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=431–433|1p=1362}}

|-
! colspan=5 | &nbsp;

|-
| [[File:Leo V in Madrid Skylitzes.jpg|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]]''' "the Armenian"<br/>{{Small|Λέων}}
| 11 July 813 – 25 December 820<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|813|7|11|820|12|25}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Leo V solidus (reverse).jpg|26px|alt=coin]] [[Constantine (son of Leo V)|'''Constantine''' Symbatios]]}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| General; proclaimed emperor after the [[Battle of Versinikia]]
| c. 775 – 25 December 820<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 45)}}<hr/>Murdered while in church by supporters of [[Michael II]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1209–1210|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=431–433, 438}}

|}

=== Amorian dynasty (820–867) ===
{{Main|Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Amorian dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait{{Efn|name=Madrid}}
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Michael II in the Madrid Skylitzes (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Michael II]]''' "the Amorian"<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ}}
| 25 December 820 – 2 October 829<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|820|12|25|829|10|2}})}}
| General sentenced to execution by Leo&nbsp;V; proclaimed emperor by Leo&nbsp;V's assassins and crowned by Patriarch [[Theodotus I of Constantinople|Theodotus I]] on the same day
|{{Circa}} 770 – 2 October 829<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 59)}}<hr/>Saw the beginning of the [[Muslim conquest of Sicily]]. Died of [[kidney failure]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=433–436, 438|1p=1363}}

|-
| [[File:Theophilos (cropped2).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Theophilos (emperor)|Theophilos]]'''<br/>{{Small|Θεόφιλος}}
| 2 October 829 – 20 January 842<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|829|10|2|842|1|20}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:INC-1528-r Солид Феофил (реверс).png|26px|alt=coin]] '''[[Constantine (son of Theophilos)|Constantine]]''' ({{Circa}} 834–835)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Son of Michael II; co-emperor since 12 May 821
| 812/813 – 20 January 842<br/>{{Small|(aged 30)}}<hr/>Died of [[dysentery]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2066|3a1=Treadgold|3y=1997|3p=445|4a1=Grierson|4y=1973|4p=386}}

|-
| [[File:Michael iii.jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Michael III]]''' "the Drunkard"<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ}}
| 20 January 842 – 24 September 867<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|842|1|20|867|9|24}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Solidus of Theodora II with Michael III and Thekla (cropped).png|26px|alt=coin]] '''[[Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)|Thekla]]''' (842–856)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}{{Efn|Theodora's daughter Thekla appears to have been formally associated with Theodora and Michael III in the government of the Empire, although almost nothing is known about her actual role during her mother's rule.{{sfn|Garland|1999|p=102}}{{sfn|Grierson|1973|p=12}}}}
| Son of Theophilos; co-emperor since 16 May 840. Ruled under his mother's regency until 15 March 856
| 19 January 840 – 24 September 867<br/>{{Small|(aged 27)}}<hr/>The youngest emperor. Murdered by [[Basil I]] and his supporters{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1364|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=446–455|3a1=PmbZ|3loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D54/F77.htm Michael 11] (#4991)}}

|}

=== Macedonian dynasty (867–1056) ===
{{Main|Macedonian dynasty|Lekapenos|Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Macedonian dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Roman Emperor Basil I (cropped).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Basil I]]''' "the Macedonian"<br/>{{Small|Βασίλειος}}
| 24 September 867 – 29 August 886<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|867|9|24|886|8|29}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Solidus-Basil I with Constantine and Eudoxia-sb1703 (reverse).jpg|26px]] '''[[Constantine (son of Basil I)|Constantine]]''' (868–879)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| General; proclaimed co-emperor by Michael III on 26 May 866 and became senior emperor after Michael's murder
| 811, 830 or 836 – 29 August 886<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 50, 56 or 75)}}<hr/>Captured [[Bari]] in 876 & [[Taranto]] in 880. Died after a hunting accident{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|1p=260|2pp=461, 490|3a1=Grierson|3pp=473–476|3y=1973}}

|-
| [[File:Emperor Leo VI detail (head).jpg|100px|alt=mosaic]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI]]''' "the Wise"<br/>{{Small|Λέων}}
| 29 August 886 – 11 May 912<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|886|8|29|912|5|11}})}}
| Son of Basil I or illegitimate son of Michael III; crowned co-emperor on 6 January 870
| 19 September 866 – 11 May 912<br/>{{Small|(aged 45)}}<hr/>Conquered Southern Italy but lost the remnants of Sicily in 902. Died of an [[intestinal disease]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1210–1211|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=458–462, 470, 491}}

|-
| [[File:Emperor Alexander head.jpg|100px|alt=mosaic]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Alexander (Byzantine emperor)|Alexander]]'''<br/>{{Small|Αλέξανδρος}}
| 11 May 912 – 6 June 913<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|912|5|11|913|6|6}})}}
| Son of Basil I; co-emperor since September or October 879
| 23 November 870 – 6 June 913<br/>{{Small|(aged 42)}}<hr/>Died of illness, possibly [[testicular cancer]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=56–57|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=471|3a1=Grierson|3p=473–476|3y=1973}}

|-
| [[File:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px|alt=carved portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Constantine VII|'''Constantine VII'''<br/>Porphyrogenitus]]<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος}}
| 6 June 913 – 9 November 959<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|913|6|6|959|11|9}})}}
| Son of Leo VI; co-emperor since 15 May 908. Successively dominated by regents and co-emperors until 27 January 945, when he deposed Romanos&nbsp;I's sons
| 17/18 May 905 – 9 November 959<br/>{{Small|(aged 54)}}<hr/>Saw the beginning of renewed expansion in the East against the Arabs. Remembered for his numerous writings. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=502–503|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=491}}<!-- The rumors that Theophano poisoned Constantine are generally regarded to be false -->

|-
! colspan=5 | &nbsp;

|-
| [[File:Seal of Romanos I Lekapenos (detail).jpg|100px|alt=seal]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Romanos I Lekapenos|'''Romanos I''' Lekapenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ῥωμανὸς}}
| 17 December 920 – 20 December 944<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|920|12|17|944|12|20}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Romanos I & Christopher (reverse).jpg|27px|alt=coin]] [[Christopher Lekapenos|'''Christopher''']] (921–931), '''[[Romanos Lekapenos (grandson of Romanos I)|Romanos]]''' ({{circa}} 924){{efn|Son of Christopher and grandson of Romanos I; unattested in official documents and only briefly mentioned by [[Michael Psellos]] and [[Joannes Zonaras]]. He was probably crowned as a baby but died shortly after, certainly before 927.{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=Romanos [https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ28994/html (#28994)]}}}}<br/>[[Stephen Lekapenos|'''Stephen''']] and [[Constantine Lekapenos|'''Constantine''' Lekapenos]] (924–945)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Overthrew Constantine VII's regency, married him to his daughter [[Helena Lekapene|Helena]] and was made senior co-emperor. Made several sons co-emperors to curb Constantine&nbsp;VII's authority
|{{Circa}} 870 – 15 June 948<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 78)}}<hr/>Deposed by his sons Stephen and Constantine. Died of natural causes in exile as a monk{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1806|2a1=Schreiner|2p=121–128}}

|-
! colspan=5 | &nbsp;

|-
| [[File:Romanos (cropped) (cropped).JPG|frameless|100px|alt=carved portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Romanos II]]'''<br/>{{Small|Ῥωμανὸς}}
| 9 November 959 – 15 March 963<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|959|11|9|963|3|15}})}}
| Son of Constantine VII and grandson of Romanos I; co-emperor since 6 April 945
| 938 – 15 March 963<br/>{{Small|(aged 24/25)}}<!--He 21 years old in November 959, see PmbZ.--><hr/>[[Siege of Chandax|Reconquered Crete]] in 961. Died of exhaustion on a hunting trip{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1806–1807|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=495–497|3a1=PmbZ|3loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ28988/html Romanos II] (#26834)}}

|-
| [[File:Nikephoros Phokas (cropped 1).jpg|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Nikephoros II Phokas|'''Nikephoros II''' Phokas]]<br/>{{Small|Νικηφόρος}}
| 16 August 963 – 11 December 969<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|963|8|16|969|12|11}})}}
| General; proclaimed emperor on 2 July 963 against the unpopular [[Joseph Bringas]] (regent for the young sons of Romanos II), entered Constantinople on 16 August 963. Married [[Theophano (born Anastaso)|Theophano]], the widow of Romanos II
| c. 912 – 11 December 969<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 57)}}<hr/>[[Byzantine conquest of Cilicia|Reconquered]] Cilicia & [[Antioch]]. Murdered in a conspiracy involving his former supporters (including [[John I Tzimiskes]]) and Theophano{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1478–1479}}

|-
| [[File:John I in Madrid Skylitzes2.jpg|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John I Tzimiskes|'''John I''' Tzimiskes]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης}}
| 11 December 969 – 10 January 976<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|969|12|11|976|1|10}})}}
| Nephew of Nikephoros II, took his place as senior co-emperor
| c. 925 – 10 January 976<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 50)}}<hr/>Reconquered Eastern Thrace from the [[First Bulgarian Empire]]. Possibly poisoned by [[Basil Lekapenos]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1045}}

|-
| [[File:Basil II crop.png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Basil II]]''' "the Bulgar-Slayer"<br/>{{Small|Βασίλειος}}
| 10 January 976 – 15 December 1025<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|976|1|10|1025|12|15}})}}
| Son of Romanos II; co-emperor since 22 April 960, briefly reigned as senior emperor in March–August 963. Succeeded as senior emperor upon the death of John I
| 958 – 15 December 1025<br/>{{Small|(aged 67)}}<hr/>The longest-reigning emperor; best known for his [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria|reconquest of Bulgaria]]. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=261–262|2a1=Grierson|2y=1973|2pp=589, 599}}

|-
| [[File:Constantine VIII in the Exultet roll (3).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantine VIII]]'''<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος}}
| 15 December 1025 – 12 November 1028<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1025|12|15|1028|11|12}})}}
| Son of Romanos II and brother of Basil II; co-emperor since 30 March 962
| 960 – 12 November 1028<br/>{{Small|(aged 68)}}<hr/>''[[De jure]]'' longest-reigning emperor. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=503|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2p=58}}

|-
| [[File:Romanos III in Madrid Skylitzes.png|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Romanos III Argyros|'''Romanos III''' Argyros]]<br/>{{Small|Ῥωμανὸς}}
| 12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1028|11|12|1034|4|11}})}}
| Husband of [[Zoë Porphyrogenita|Zoë]], a daughter of Constantine VIII
| c. 968 – 11 April 1034<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 66)}}<hr/>Temporarily reconquered [[Edessa]] in 1031. Possibly drowned on Zoë's orders{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=503, 1807|2a1=Grierson|2y=1962|2p=59}}

|-
| [[File:Michael IV the Paphlagonian (cropped).jpg|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Michael IV]]''' "the Paphlagonian"<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ}}
| 12 April 1034 – 10 December 1041<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1034|4|12|1041|12|10}})}}
| Lover of Zoë, made emperor after their marriage following Romanos III's death
| c. 1010 – 10 December 1041<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 31)}}<hr/>Died of [[epilepsy]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1365|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=491}}

|-
| [[File:Michael V in Madrid Skylitzes.jpg|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Michael V Kalaphates|Michael V]]''' "Kalaphates"<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ}}
| 13 December 1041 – 21 April 1042<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1041|12|13|1042|4|21}})}}
| Nephew and designated heir of Michael&nbsp;IV, proclaimed emperor by Zoë three days after Michael IV's death
| c. 1015 – unknown<hr/>Deposed in a popular uprising after attempting to sideline Zoë, blinded and forced to become a monk{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=491|1pp=1365–1366}}

|-
| [[File:Zoe mosaic Hagia Sophia (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=mosaic]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Zoë Porphyrogenita|'''Zoë''' Porphyrogenita]]<br/>{{Small|Ζωή}}
| 21 April – 11 June 1042<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1042|4|21|1042|6|11}})}}
| Daughter of Constantine VIII and widow of Romanos&nbsp;III and Michael&nbsp;IV. Ruled in her own right from Michael V's deposition until her marriage to [[Constantine IX Monomachos|Constantine IX]].
| c. 978 – 1050<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 72)}}<hr/>Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2228|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=590}}

|-
| [[File:Theodora Porphyrogenita crown.jpg|100px|alt=Portrait from the Monomachos crown]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Theodora Porphyrogenita|'''Theodora''' Porphyrogenita]]<br/>{{Small|Θεοδώρα}}
| 21 April – 11 June 1042<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1042|4|21|1042|6|11}})}}
| Daughter of Constantine VIII and sister of Zoë, proclaimed co-empress during the revolt that deposed Michael V
| c. 980 – 31 August 1056<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 76)}}<hr/>Sidelined after Zoë's marriage to Constantine IX, returned to the throne in 1055{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2038|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=491, 590}}

|-
| [[File:Emperor Constantine IX (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=mosaic]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Constantine IX Monomachos|'''Constantine IX''' Monomachos]]<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος}}{{Efn|Emperors began to officially use family names from Constantine IX Monomachos onwards. The sole exception after Constantine IX's reign is Michael VI, whose family name (Bringas) was far less distinguished than those of the other imperial families and thus does not appear in official use.{{Sfn|Grierson|1973|p=180}}|name=famnames}}
| 11 June 1042 – 11 January 1055<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1042|6|11|1055|1|11}})}}
| Husband of Zoë, crowned the day after their marriage
| c. 1006 – 11 January 1055<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 49)}}<hr/>Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=504}}

|-
| [[File:Theodora Porphyrogenita crown.jpg|100px|alt=Portrait from the Monomachos crown]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Theodora Porphyrogenita|'''Theodora''' Porphyrogenita]]<br/>{{Small|Θεοδώρα<br/>('''second reign''')}}
| 11 January 1055 – 31 August 1056<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1055|1|11|1056|8|31}})}}
| Claimed the throne again after Constantine&nbsp;IX's death as the last living member of the Macedonian dynasty
| c. 980 – 31 August 1056<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 76)}}<hr/>Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2038|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=491, 590}}

|-
! colspan=5 | &nbsp;

|-
| [[File:132 - Michael VI Bringas (Mutinensis - color) (cropped).png|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Michael VI Bringas|'''Michael VI''' Bringas]] "Stratiotikos"<br/>{{Small|Μιχαήλ}}{{Efn||name=famnames}}
| 22 August 1056 – 30 August 1057<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1056|8|22|1057|8|30}})}}
| Proclaimed emperor by Theodora on her deathbed
| 980s/990s – c. 1057<br/>{{Small|(in his sixties)}}<hr/>Deposed in a revolt, retired to a monastery and died soon afterwards{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1366|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=597|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=149–150}}

|-
| [[File:133 - Isaac I Komnenos (Mutinensis - color).png|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Isaac I Komnenos|'''Isaac I''' Komnenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός}}
| 1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1057|9|1|1059|11|22}})}}
| General, proclaimed emperor on 8 June 1057 in opposition to Michael VI
| c. 1007 – 31 May/1 June 1060<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 53)}}<hr/>Abdicated to Constantine X due to illness and hostile courtiers, became a monk{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1011–2|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=151–2|3a1=Grierson|3y=1973|3pp=759–760}}

|}

=== Doukas dynasty (1059–1078) ===
{{Main|Doukas|Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty}}
{{Legend|#F0FFFF|(§) – Varying ascribed status{{Efn|Some historians regard Eudokia as an empress regnant, while others consider her as a regent.}}}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Doukas dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Constantine X portrait.jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Constantine X Doukas|'''Constantine X''' Doukas]]<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας}}
| 23 November 1059 – 23 May 1067<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1059|11|23|1067|5|23}})}}
| Designated as emperor by Isaac I Komnenos during his abdication
|{{Circa}} 1006 – 23 May 1067<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 61)}}<hr/>Lost nearly all Italian territories to the [[Normans]]. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=504–505|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=151–152|3a1=Grierson|3y=1973|3p=764}}

|-
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | [[File:Eudokia Makrembolitissa portrait.png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF" | [[Eudokia Makrembolitissa|'''Eudokia''' Makrembolitissa]]<br/>{{Small|Εὐδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα}} (§)
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | 23 May – 31 December 1067<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1067|5|23|1067|12|31}})}}
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | Widow of Constantine X; either regent on behalf of their sons or co-ruler alongside them until her marriage to Romanos IV. Briefly resumed her regency in September 1071
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | c. 1030 – after 1078<hr/>Became a nun in November 1071 and later died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=608|1pp=739–740|3a1=Grierson|3y=1973|3pp=779–780}}

|-
| [[File:136 - Romanos IV Diogenes (Mutinensis - color) (cropped).png|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Romanos IV Diogenes|'''Romanos IV''' Diogenes]]<br/>{{Small|Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης}}
| 1 January 1068 – 26 August 1071<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1068|1|1|1071|08|26}})<hr/>''with'' [[Leo Diogenes|'''Leo''']] and [[Nikephoros Diogenes|'''Nikephoros''' Diogenes]] ({{Circa}} 1070–71)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}{{Efn|Unattested in official documents; Leo is only called emperor in a singular letter, while his brother's status can only be deduced from the fact that he was [[born in the purple]] and that he also used the "imperial tokens".{{Sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/156691/ Leon 15005.]}}}}
| Husband of Eudokia. Regent and senior co-emperor together with Constantine X's and Eudokia's children
| c. 1032 – 4 August 1072<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 40)}}<hr/>[[Battle of Manzikert|Captured at Manzikert]] by the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]]. After his release blinded on 29 June 1072 by [[John Doukas (Caesar)|John Doukas]], later dying of his wounds{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1807|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=601–604, 608|3a1=Schreiner|3p=156}}

|-
| [[File:Michael VII Doukas on the Holy Crown (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=portrait from the Holy Crown of Hungary]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Michael VII Doukas|'''Michael VII''' Doukas]] "Parapinakes"<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ Δούκας}}
| 1 October 1071 – 24/31 March 1078<br/>{{Small|(6 years, 5 months and 23/30 days)<hr/>''with'' '''[[Konstantios Doukas|Konstantios]]''' (1060–1078), [[Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)|'''Andronikos''']] (1068–1070s) and [[Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)|'''Constantine''' Doukas]] (1074–78; 1st time)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Son of Constantine X; made co-emperor in 1060 with Eudokia and Romanos IV. Proclaimed sole emperor after Romanos' defeat at the [[Battle of Manzikert]]
| c. 1050 – c. 1090<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 40)}}<hr/>Lost nearly all of Anatolia to the Turks. Forced to become a monk after a popular uprising. Died of natural causes several years later{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1366–1367|2a1=Schreiner|2p=157–159|3a1=Norwich|3y=1993|3p=361}}

|-
! colspan=5 | &nbsp;

|-
| [[File:Nikephoros III (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Nikephoros III Botaneiates|'''Nikephoros III''' Botaneiates]]<br/>{{Small|Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης}}
| 3 April 1078 – 1 April 1081<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1078|4|3|1081|4|1}})}}<!-- The chronology of Nikephoros III's rise is confusing and often contradictory; 3 April is the date shown in the ODB and thus the one usually used. -->
| General; revolted against Michael VII on 2 July or 2 October 1077 and entered Constantinople on 27 March or 3 April. Married [[Maria of Alania]], the former wife of Michael VII
| 1001/1002 – c. 1081<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 80)}}<hr/>Abdicated after Alexios I captured Constantinople, became a monk and died of natural causes, probably later in the same year{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1479|2a1=Schreiner|2p=158–159|3a1=Grierson|3y=1973|3p=798–799, 821|4a1=Maynard|4y=2021}}

|}

=== Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185) ===
{{Main|Komnenos|Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Komnenos dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Alexios I Komnenos (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Alexios I Komnenos|'''Alexios I''' Komnenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός}}
| 1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1081|4|1|1118|8|15}})<hr/>''with'' [[Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)|'''Constantine''' Doukas]]<br/>(1081–1087; '''2nd time''')}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}{{Efn|Constantine Doukas notably served as junior co-emperor of two emperors, first his father Michael&nbsp;VII and then Alexios I, who briefly restored his rights. As always, this was only symbolical, as Constantine remained a minor during both tenures, having been crowned as a newborn. He died on 12 August 1094, aged around 20 years old.{{Sfn|PmbZ|loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Konstantinos/62/ Konstantinos 62.]}}}}
| Nephew of Isaac I, also husband of [[Irene Doukaina]], a grand-niece of Constantine&nbsp;X. General; revolted against Nikephoros&nbsp;III on 14 February 1081. Seized Constantinople on 1 April; crowned on 4 April
|{{Circa}} 1057 – 15 August 1118<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 61)}}<hr/>Started the [[Crusades]] & the reconquest of Anatolia. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=63|2a1=Schreiner|2p=159–164}}

|-
| [[File:John II head.png|100px|alt=mosaic]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John II Komnenos|'''John II''' Komnenos]]<br/>"the Good"<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός}}
| 15 August 1118 – 8 April 1143<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1118|8|15|1143|4|8}})<hr/>''with'' [[Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)|'''Alexios''' the Younger]]<br/ >(1119–1142)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Son of Alexios I, co-emperor since about September 1092
| 13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143<br/>{{Small|(aged 55)}}<hr/>Reconquered most of Anatolia by the time of his death. Died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident, possibly assassinated (perhaps involving [[Raymond of Poitiers]] or supporters of [[Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel&nbsp;I]]){{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1046–1047|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=628–637|3a1=Bucossi|3a2=Rodriguez Suarez|3y=2016|3p=16}}

|-
| [[File:Manuel I Comnenus (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Manuel I Komnenos|'''Manuel I''' Komnenos]]<br/>"the Great"<br/>{{Small|Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός}}
| 8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1143|4|8|1180|9|24}})}}
| Youngest son and allegedly designated heir of John II on his deathbed, crowned in November 1143 after a few months of having to establish his rights
| 28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180<br/>{{Small|(aged 61)}}<hr/>Last emperor to attempt reconquests in the west. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=636, 638–650|1pp=1289–1290}}

|-
| [[File:Alexios II Komnenos (Vat.gr.1851 folio 2v) (cropped).jpg|alt=miniature portrait|100px]]<br />{{Small|Uncertain}}{{efn|The identification of this figure from Vat. Gr. 1851 as Alexios II is by Ioannis Spatharakis.<ref name=Spatharakis>{{cite book|last=Spatharakis |first=Ioannis|title=The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ4VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA210|year=1976|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=210–230|isbn=9004047832 }}</ref> Other historians variously identify him as a young [[Andronikos IV Palaiologos]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hennessy |first=Cecily|author-link=Cecily Hennessy |title=A child bride and her representation in the Vatican Epithalamion, cod. gr. 1851|year=2006|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=177–183|doi=10.1163/9789004346239_010 }}</ref> or [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Iacobini |first=Antonio|title=Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio|year=1995 |publisher=Argos |isbn=9788885897496}}</ref>}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Alexios II Komnenos|'''Alexios II''' Komnenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός}}
| 24 September 1180 – c. September 1183<br/>{{Small|(3 years)}}
| Son of Manuel I; co-emperor since 1171
| 14 September 1169 – c. September 1183<br/>{{Small|(aged 14)}}<hr/>Strangled on the orders of [[Andronikos I Komnenos|Andronikos I]], body thrown in the sea{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=650–653|1pp=64, 1289|3a1=Schreiner|3p=176}}

|-
| [[File:143 - Andronikos I Komnenos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos I Komnenos|'''Andronikos I''' Komnenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός}}
| c. September 1183 – 12 September 1185<br/>{{Small|(2 years)<hr/>''with'' [[John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|'''John''' Komnenos]]<br/ >(1183–1185)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Son of [[Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)|Isaac Komnenos]], a son of Alexios&nbsp;I. Overthrew the regency of Alexios II in April 1182, crowned co-emperor in 1183 and shortly thereafter had Alexios II murdered
| c. 1118/1120 – 12 September 1185<br/>{{Small|(aged 64–67)}}<hr/>Overthrown by [[Isaac II Angelos|Isaac II]], tortured and mutilated in the imperial palace, then slowly dismembered alive by a mob in the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople|Hippodrome]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=653–656|1pp=64, 94, 1012|3a1=Lascaratos|3y=1999|3p=73}}

|}

=== Angelos dynasty (1185–1204) ===
{{Main|Angelos|Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Angelos dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait{{Efn|Many of the miniature portraits used for the late Byzantine period are not contemporary, but taken from the ''[[Mutinensis gr. 122|Codex Mutinensis graecus 122]]'', completed {{Circa}}&nbsp;1425 and expanded after 1453. The codex depicts almost every single Roman emperor from [[Augustus]] to [[Constantine XI]], but only the later portraits are considerable reliable, specially those of the [[Palaiologoi]].|name=Mutinensis}}
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:144 - Isaac II Angelos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Isaac II Angelos|'''Isaac II''' Angelos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος}}
| 12 September 1185 – 8 April 1195<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1185|9|12|1195|4|8}})}}
| Great-grandson of Alexios I. Resisted an order of arrest issued by Andronikos I, after which he was proclaimed emperor by the people of Constantinople. Captured and killed Andronikos&nbsp;I
|{{Circa}} 1156 – January 1204<br/>{{Small|(aged 47)}}<hr/>Suffered the [[Uprising of Asen and Peter|loss]] of Bulgaria. Overthrown and blinded by Alexios III in 1195, reinstalled in 1203{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|1p=1012|2pp=654–660|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=183–185|4a1=Macrides|4y=1999|4loc=VI: p. 75, X: p. 514, XII: p. 195}}

|-
| [[File:145 - Alexios III Angelos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Alexios III Angelos|'''Alexios III''' Angelos]]<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Small|Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός}}{{Efn|Alexios III used the name Alexios Komnenos Angelos (Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος) prior to his accession but reigned as Alexios Komnenos, dropping his own family name in order to stress his matrilineal descent from the Komnenos dynasty.{{Sfn|Cotsonis|2020|pp=260–261}}}}
| 8 April 1195 – 17/18 July 1203<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1195|4|8|1203|7|18}})}}
| Elder brother of Isaac II, overthrew and blinded his brother
| c. 1153 – 1211/1212<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 58)}}<hr/>Fled after brief resistance against the [[Fourth Crusade]]. Died a natural death after being captured and forced to become a monk by [[Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=659–664|1pp=64–65|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=183–185}}

|-
| [[File:146 - Alexios IV Angelos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Alexios IV Angelos|'''Alexios IV''' Angelos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος}}
| 19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1203|7|19|1204|1|27}})}}
| Son of Isaac II, overthrew Alexios III with the help of the crusaders as part of the [[Fourth Crusade]], then named co-emperor alongside his blinded father
| c. 1182/1183 – c. 8 February 1204<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 21)}}<hr/>Deposed and imprisoned by [[Alexios V Doukas|Alexios V]], then strangled in prison{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=65–66|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=183–185}}

|-
| [[File:144 - Isaac II Angelos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Isaac II Angelos|'''Isaac II''' Angelos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος<br/>('''second reign''')}}
| 19 July 1203 – 27 January (?) 1204<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1203|7|19|1204|1|27}})<!--The reign lengths for Alexios III to Alexios V are given by Choniates and confirmed by the Kleinchroniken no.7, but are often ignored by modern historians, for some reason.-->}}
| Freed from imprisonment during the Fourth Crusade by courtiers and reinstated as ruler after Alexios III abandoned the defense of Constantinople
| c. 1156 – January 1204<br/>{{Small|(aged 47)}}<hr/>Became senile or demented and died of natural causes around the time of Alexios&nbsp;V's coup{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|1p=1012|2pp=654–660|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=183–185|4a1=Macrides|4y=1999|4loc=VI: p. 75, X: p. 514, XII: p. 195}}

|-
! colspan=5 | &nbsp;

|-
| [[File:Alexius V (cropped).JPG|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Alexios V Doukas|'''Alexios V''' Doukas]] "Mourtzouphlos"<br/>{{Small|Ἀλέξιος Δούκας}}
| 27/28 January – 12 April 1204<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1204|1|27|1204|4|12}})}}
| Seized power through a palace coup, son-in-law of Alexios III.
| c. 1139 – c. late November 1204<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 65)}}<hr/>Fled during the [[sack of Constantinople]]. Blinded by Alexios III, later captured by crusader [[Thierry de Loos]] and thrown from the [[Column of Theodosius]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|1p=66|2pp=265–266, 665|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=185–186}}

|}

=== Laskaris dynasty (1205–1261) ===
{{Main|Laskaris|Empire of Nicaea}}
:{{Small|'''''Note:''' Roman rule in Constantinople was interrupted with the [[sack of Constantinople|capture and sack of the city]] by the [[Fourth Crusade|crusaders]] in 1204, which led to the establishment of the [[Frankokratia]]. Though the crusaders created a new line of [[Latin emperor]]s in the city, modern historians recognize the line of emperors of the Laskaris dynasty, reigning in [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]], as the legitimate Roman emperors during the [[struggle for Constantinople]] because the Nicene Empire eventually retook the city.{{Sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=734}} For other lines of claimant emperors, see [[List of Trapezuntine emperors]] and [[List of Thessalonian emperors]].''}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Laskaris dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait{{Efn|name=Mutinensis}}
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:148 - Theodore I Laskaris (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Theodore I Laskaris|'''Theodore I''' Laskaris]]<br/>{{Small|Θεόδωρος Κομνηνὸς Λάσκαρις}}
|{{Circa}} May 1205 – November 1221<br/>{{Small|(16 years and 6 months)<hr/>''with'' [[Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)|'''Nicholas''' Laskaris]] ({{circa}} 1208–1210)}}{{Efn|Unattested in coins, Nicholas is called "emperor and heir" in a single document. He died soon after, less than 10 years old.{{sfn|Angelov|2019|p=32}}}}
| Husband of [[Anna Komnene Angelina]], a daughter of Alexios III. Organized resistance against the [[Latin Empire]] in [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]] and proclaimed emperor in 1205 after the [[Battle of Adrianople (1205)|Battle of Adrianople]]; crowned by Patriarch [[Michael IV of Constantinople|Michael IV]] on 6 April 1208.
| c. 1174 – November 1221<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 47)}}<hr/>Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=2039–2040|2a1=Angelov|2y=2019|2p=18|3a1=Dragon|3y=2003|3p=275}}

|-
| [[File:149 - John III Doukas Vatatzes (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John III Vatatzes|'''John III''' Vatatzes]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης}}
| c. December 1221 – 3 November 1254<br/>{{Small|(32 years and 11 months)}}
| Husband of [[Irene Laskarina]], a daughter of Theodore I
| c. 1192 – 3 November 1254<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 62)}}<hr/>Started Nicaean expansionism. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1047–1048|2a1=Angelov|2y=2019|2p=256}}<!-- "Darrouzès dates the accession to around December 15, 1221, but the logic of his calculations is questionable"-->

|-
| [[File:Theodoros II Laskaris (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Theodore II Laskaris|'''Theodore II''' Laskaris]]<br/>{{Small|Θεόδωρος Δούκας Λάσκαρις}}
| 3 November 1254 – 16 August 1258<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1254|11|3|1258|8|16}})}}
| Son of John III and grandson of Theodore&nbsp;I, co-emperor since about 1235
| November 1221 – 16 August 1258<br/>{{Small|(aged 36)}}<hr/>Died of [[epilepsy]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=2040–2041|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=731|3a1=Angelov|3y=2019|3p=61, 258, 325}}

|-
| [[File:151 - John IV Laskaris (Mutinensis - color) (cropped).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John IV Laskaris|'''John IV''' Laskaris]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης Δούκας Λάσκαρις}}
| 16 August 1258 – 25 December 1261<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1258|8|16|1261|12|25}})}}
| Son and co-emperor of Theodore II
| 25 December 1250 – c. 1305<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 55)}}<hr/>Blinded, deposed and imprisoned by [[Michael&nbsp;VIII Palaiologos]] in 1261, died in captivity several decades later{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1048–1049|2a1=Macrides|2y=2013|2p=303|3a1=Angelov|3y=2019|3p=305|4a1=PLP|4p=2663 (#14534)}}

|}

=== Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1453) ===
{{Main|Palaiologos|Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Palaiologos dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="25%" | Succession
! scope=col width="25%" | Life details

|-
| [[File:Miniature of Michael VIII (cropped).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Michael VIII Palaiologos|'''Michael VIII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος}}
| 1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1259|1|1|1282|12|11}})}}
| Great-grandson of Alexios III; became regent for John&nbsp;IV in 1258 and crowned co-emperor in 1259. [[Reconquest of Constantinople|Regained Constantinople]] on 25 July 1261, entered the city on 15 August. Became sole ruler after deposing John&nbsp;IV on 25 December
| 1224/1225 – 11 December 1282<br/>{{Small|(aged 57/58)}}<hr/>Died of [[dysentery]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=745|1p=1367|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=196–206|4a1=PLP|4p=3929 (#21528)}}

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| [[File:Miniature of Andronikos II (cropped).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|'''Andronikos II''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος}}
| 11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1282|12|11|1328|5|24}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Violante of Montferrat.png|28px|alt=coin]] [[Irene of Montferrat|'''Irene''']] (1303–1317, in [[Thessalonica]])}}{{Efn|name=Thessalonica|During the last years of the Empire, the territory of [[Thessalonica]] was effectively ruled as separate realm from Constantinople. Two empresses, [[Irene of Montferrat|Irene]] and [[Anna of Savoy|Anna]], took residence there, even having their own courts and ruling as ''de facto'' empresses regnant. Anna notably ruled in Thessalonica in opposition to [[John VI Kantakouzenos]], who later recognized her portion of the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Eugenia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObCX9iXMp5kC&pg=PA17 |title=St. Demetrius of Thessalonica|date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-0343-0181-7 |pages=17 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Norman Douglas |title=Anna of Savoy in Thessalonica |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1977_num_6_19_1764 |journal=Revue Numismatique |volume=6 |issue=19 |pages=87–102 |doi=10.3406/numi.1977.1764}}</ref>}}
| Son of Michael VIII; named co-emperor shortly after 1261, crowned on 8 November 1272
| 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332<br/>{{Small|(aged 72)}}<hr/>Deposed by his grandson [[Andronikos III Palaiologos|Andronikos&nbsp;III]] in 1328 and became a monk, dying of natural causes four years later{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=94–95|2a1=Angelov|2y=2009|2p=100|3a1=PLP|3p=3889 (#21436)}}

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| style="background:#F0FFFF" | [[File:154 - Michael IX Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF" | &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Michael IX Palaiologos|'''Michael IX''' Palaiologos]] (§)<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος}}
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | 21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1294|5|21|1320|10|12}})}}
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281, crowned on 21 May 1294
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | 17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320<br/>{{Small|(aged 42/43)}}<hr/>Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son, probably died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1367–8|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=755|3a1=Angelov|3y=2009|3p=100|4a1=PLP|4p=3931 (#21529)}}

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| [[File:Андроник III Палеолог (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos III Palaiologos|'''Andronikos III''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
| 24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1328|5|24|1341|6|15}})}}
| Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 1308 and 1313. [[Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328|Fought with his grandfather]] Andronikos&nbsp;II for power from April 1321 onwards. Crowned emperor on 2 February 1325, became sole emperor after deposing Andronikos II
| 25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341<br/>{{Small|(aged 44)}}<hr/>Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Died of sudden illness, possibly [[malaria]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2p=764|1p=95|3a1=Lascaratos|3a2=Marketos|3y=1997|3pp=106–9|4a1=PLP|4p=3891 (#21437)}}

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[[File:Restored mosaic of John V Palaiologos (head cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John V Palaiologos|'''John V''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
|<br/>15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1341|6|15|1391|2|16}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Details
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* 15 June 1341 – 12 August 1376<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1341|6|15|1376|8|12}})}}
* 1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1379|7|1|1390|4|14}})}}
* 17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1390|9|17|1391|2|16}})}}
}}<hr/>''with'' [[File:Assarion of Anna of Savoy.png|28px|alt=coin]] [[Anna of Savoy|'''Anna''']] (1351–1365, in [[Thessalonica]])}}{{Efn|name=Thessalonica}}
| Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned until 19 November 1341. Dominated by regents until 1354, faced numerous usurpations and civil wars throughout his long reign
| 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|(aged 58)}}<hr/>Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effective power for 33. Lost almost all territories outside Constantinople. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1050|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=253, 345|3a1=PLP|3p=3912 (#21485)}}

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| [[File:Johannes VI. Cantacuzenos (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VI Kantakouzenos|'''John VI''' Kantakouzenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός}}
| 8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1347|2|8|1354|12|10}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Matthew Kantakouzenos.png|28px|alt=coin]] [[Matthew Kantakouzenos|'''Matthew''' Kantakouzenos]] (1353–1357)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. Proclaimed by the army on 26 October 1341, became regent and senior co-emperor after a [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|lengthy civil war]] with John&nbsp;V's mother, [[Anna of Savoy]]. Entered Constantinople on 8 February, crowned on 21 May 1347
|{{Circa}} 1295 – 15 June 1383<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 88)}}<hr/>Deposed by John&nbsp;V in [[Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357|another civil war]] and retired, becoming a monk. Died of natural causes several decades later{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1050–1051|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=252–288|3a1=PLP|3p=2046 (#10973)|4a1=Feiller|4y=1976}}

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| [[File:158 - Andronikos IV Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos IV Palaiologos|'''Andronikos IV''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
| 12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1376|8|12|1379|7|1}})}}<br/>May 1381 – June 1385<br/>{{Small|(4 years, in [[Selymbria]])}}
| Son of John V and grandson of John&nbsp;VI; named co-emperor and heir in 1352, but imprisoned and partially [[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture|blinded]] after a failed rebellion in May 1373. Rebelled again and successfully [[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|deposed his father]] in 1376; not formally crowned until 18 October 1377
| 11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385<br/>{{Small|(aged 37)}}<hr/>[[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|Deposed by John V]] in 1379; fled to [[Galata]] in exile but was restored as co-emperor and heir in May 1381, ruling over [[Selymbria]] and the [[Sea of Marmara|coast of Marmara]]. Rebelled again in June 1385 but died shortly thereafter{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Mladenov|2y=2003|2p=190|1p=95|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=312–321|4a1=PLP|4p=3893 (#21438)}}

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| [[File:159 - John VII Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VII Palaiologos|'''John VII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος}}
| June 1385 – April 1390<br/>{{Small|(4 years and 10 months, in [[Selymbria]])}}{{Efn|John VII inherited his father's lands around Selymbria and, as per a 1381 agreement with Andronikos IV that legitimized his role as co-emperor and heir. He ruled there with the title of emperor (''basileus''), although he ruled heavely influenced by the Ottomans and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]].<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Leonte|first=Florin|title=Rhetoric in Purple|date=2012|degree=PhD|publisher=[[Central European University]]|url=https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2012/leonte_florin.pdf|pages=46–47|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422174706/https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2012/leonte_florin.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2024 }}</ref>}}<br/>14 April – 17 September 1390<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1390|4|14|1390|9|17}})}}<br/>late 1403 – 22 September 1408<br/>{{Small|(5 years, in [[Thessalonica]])<hr/>''with'' [[Andronikos V Palaiologos|'''Andronikos V''' Palaiologos]] (1403–1407)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Son of Andronikos IV, co-emperor since 1377; usurped the throne from John&nbsp;V in 1390. Deposed shortly thereafter but granted [[Thessaloniki|Thessalonica]] by [[Manuel II Palaiologos|Manuel&nbsp;II]] in 1403, from where he once more ruled as emperor until his death
| 1370 – 22 September 1408<br/>{{Small|(aged 38)}}<hr/>Ruled Constantinople as regent in [[Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)|1399–1403]] during Manuel&nbsp;II's absence. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Oikonomides|2y=1977|2p=331|1p=1052|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=340–343|4a1=PLP|4p=3908 (#21480)}}

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[[File:Manuel II Paleologus (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Manuel II Palaiologos|'''Manuel II''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος}}
| Autumn 1382 – April 1387<br/>{{Small|(5 years, in [[Thessalonica]])}}{{Efn|Manuel, who previously had been given governorship over Thessalonica and had already been crowned co-emperor, set up an independent court and ruled there as ''basileus'' instead of ''[[despotes]]''. Manuel ruled in opposition of his father's soft policies towards the Ottomans, waging war uppon them. However, the city eventually fell and Manuel had to flee in shame.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Çelik |first=Siren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-8WEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Manuel II Palaiologos |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-83659-3|pages=77–110}}</ref>}}<br/>16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1391|2|16|1425|6|21}})}}
| Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 25 September 1373
| 27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425<br/>{{Small|(aged 74)}}<hr/>Suffered a [[stroke]] in 1422, whereafter the government was run by his son, John&nbsp;VIII. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1291|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=276, 309, 429|3a1=PLP|3p=3923 (#21513)}}

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[[File:Palaio (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VIII Palaiologos|'''John VIII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος}}
| 21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1425|6|21|1448|10|31}})}}
| Son of Manuel II; co-emperor by 1407 and full emperor since 19 January 1421
| 18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448<br/>{{Small|(aged 55)}}<hr/> Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1053–1054|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=340, 387–411|3a1=PLP|3p=3909 (#21481)}}

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| [[File:Konstantinos XI Palaiologos fresco (less edited) (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=fresco portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|'''Constantine XI''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος}}
| 6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1449|1|6|1453|5|29}})}}
| Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his brother John&nbsp;VIII. Crowned emperor in [[Mystras]] on 6 January 1449, entered Constantinople on 12 March.
| 8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453<br/>{{Small|(aged 48)}}<hr/>The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the [[fall of Constantinople]].{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=505|2a1=Nicol|2y=1992|2pp= 2, 35–38, 70|3a1=PLP|3p=3919 (#21500)}}

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