Editing Lahore (section)

=== Sikh ===
{{Main|Sikh period in Lahore}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 123.jpg|[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]]
File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh Golden Dome.jpg|[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]]
File:Nau Nihal Singh's haveli, now Victoria Girls High School, Lahore.jpg|[[Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh]]
File:Hazuri Bagh Baradari & Ground.JPG|[[Hazuri Bagh]]
File:Gurudwara Arjun Ram (WCLA).jpg|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das]]
File:Temple associated with Loh.JPG|The [[Lava Temple]] at the [[Lahore Fort]] dates from the Sikh period,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|title=Heritage: the Lonely Little Temple|author=Sufia Zamir|date=14 January 2018 |access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803115758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|url-status=live |work=Dawn}}</ref> and is dedicated to the Hindu deity ''[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]''
</gallery>

[[File:Tomb of Asif Khan 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Asif Khan]] was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="GHF">{{cite web|title=Tomb of Asif Khan |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |url=http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf|access-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106072423/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf}}</ref>]]

====Early====
Expanding Sikh [[Misl]]s secured control over Lahore in 1767, when the [[Bhangi Misl]] state captured the city.<ref name="eos">{{Citation|title=Pakistani Sikhs reopen temple after 73 years| date=17 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mBW1s597tw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5mBW1s597tw |archive-date=11 December 2021|url-status=live|language=en|access-date=21 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1780, the city was divided among three rulers: [[Gujjar Singh Banghi|Gujjar Singh]], Lahna Singh, and [[Suba Singh|Sobha Singh]]. Instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearby [[Amritsar]] to establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre in place of Lahore.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'s grandson, [[Zaman Shah]], captured Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798–99.<ref name=bosworth/> [[Ranjit Singh]] negotiated with the Afghans for the post of ''[[subahdar]]'' to control Lahore following the second invasion.<ref name=bosworth/>

By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining residents living within the city walls, while the extramural suburbs lay abandoned, forcing travellers to pass through abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miles before reaching the city's gates.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

====Sikh Empire====
[[File:Badshahi Mosqu - Mughal Art in an Ocean of Concrete.jpg|thumb|Lahore's [[Hazuri Bagh]] is at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including the [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Lahore Fort]], [[Roshnai Gate]], and the [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]].]]
[[File:'By @ibneAzhar'-Hazuri Bagh-Lahore-Pakistan (10).JPG|thumb|The marble [[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] was built in 1818 to celebrate [[Ranjit Singh]]'s acquisition of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond.<ref name="bansal"/>]]
In the aftermath of Zaman Shah's 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh, of nearby [[Gujranwala]], began to consolidate his position. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780.<ref name=bosworth/><ref name="KakshiPathak2007">{{cite book |last1=Kakshi|first1=S.R.|last2=Pathak|first2=Rashmi|last3=Pathak |first3=S.R. Bakshi R.|title=Punjab Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC|access-date=12 June 2010|date=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1 |pages=272–274}}</ref> His army marched to Anarkali, where according to legend, the gatekeeper of the [[Lohari Gate, Lahore|Lohari Gate]], Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} After capturing Lahore, Sikh soldiers immediately began plundering Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh|first1=Bhagata|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times|date=1990|publisher=Sehgal Publishers Service}}</ref>

Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's lost grandeur, but at the expense of destroying the remaining Mughal architecture for building materials.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} He established a mint in the city in 1800,{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} and moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |title=Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign |author=K.S. Duggal |date=1989 |isbn=8170172446 |publisher=Exoticindiaart.com |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232755/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1801, he established a [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das|Gurdwara Ram Das]] to mark the site where [[Guru Ram Das]] was born in 1534.

[[File:Court_of_Lahore.jpg|thumb|The [[Sikh Empire#Government|Punjabi royal court]] at Lahore]]

Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though the nearby economic centre of Amritsar had also been established as the empire's spiritual capital by 1802.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} By 1812, Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/ |title=Pakistan – Lahore – Hindukush Karakuram Tours & Treks |access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042553/http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> and built the [[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] in 1813.<ref name=bansal>{{cite book|last1=Bansal|first1=Bobby|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-9384544935}}</ref> He erected the [[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]] to mark the site of [[Guru Arjan Dev]]'s death (1606). The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh [[gurdwara]]s, Hindu temples, and [[haveli]]s.<ref>Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125–126. {{ISBN|978-81-7017-410-3}}.</ref><ref>Masson, Charles. 1842. ''Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab'', 3 v. London: Richard Bentley (1) 37</ref>

While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's rule saw the re-establishment of Lahore's glory, though the Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period. Singh's armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the Tomb of Asif Khan, the Tomb of Nur Jahan, and the Shalimar Gardens.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India">{{cite book|last1=Marshall |first1=John Hubert |date=1906|title=Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing}}</ref> Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the Badshahi Mosque by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The [[Sunehri Masjid, Lahore|Sunehri Mosque]] in the Walled City was also converted to a gurdwara,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Panjab Past and Present |year=1988|volume=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rw5DAAAAYAAJ&q=sunehri+ |access-date=28 August 2016|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjab University}}</ref> while the Mariyam Zamani Mosque was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.<ref>{{cite news |author=Farooq Soomro |title=A visual delight – Maryam Zamani and Wazir Khan Mosques |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|access-date=29 August 2016 |work=Dawn |date=13 May 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032600/https://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Late ====
The [[Sikh Empire#Government|Punjabi royal court]] (''Lahore Durbar'') underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh. His son [[Kharak Singh]] died on 6 November 1840, soon after taking the throne. On that same day, the next appointed successor to the throne, [[Nau Nihal Singh]], died in an accident at the gardens of Hazuri Bagh.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Maharaja [[Sher Singh]] was then selected as Maharajah, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged by [[Chand Kaur]], widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Chand Kaur's forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His soldiers mounted weaponry on the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in the Lahore fort, destroying the fort's historic ''Diwan-e-Aam''.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's ''Chah Miran'' neighbourhood along with his wazir Dhiyan Singh.<ref name=bansal/> Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his father's death by laying siege to Lahore in order to capture his father's assassins. The siege resulted in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

[[File:Maharaja_Sher_Singh_%281807-1843%29_seated,_attended_by_his_council_in_the_Lahore_Fort..jpg|thumb|[[List of monarchs of Punjab|Maharaja]] [[Sher Singh]] attended by his council in [[Lahore Fort]]]]

[[Duleep Singh]] was then crowned Maharajah, with Hira Singh as his ''wazir'', but his power would be weakened by the continued infighting among Sikh nobles,{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} as well as confrontations against the British during the two [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh wars]].

After the conclusion of the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh Empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of the ''Lahore Durbar'', and commencement of British rule after they captured Lahore and the wider Punjab region.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}