Editing Juris Doctor (section)

====Canada====
The JD degree is the dominant common-law law degree in Canada, having replaced many of the nation's former LLB programs. Unlike other jurisdictions, the Canadian LLB was historically typically second-entry undergraduate degree that required the prior completion of another undergraduate degree.<ref name="allard.ubc.ca">{{cite web |title=Peter A. Allard School of Law &#124; UBC Board of Governors Approves Request for LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) degree to be renamed J.D. (Juris Doctor) |url=https://allard.ubc.ca/news-events/news-room/ubc-board-governors-approves-request-llb-bachelor-laws-degree-be-renamed-jd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411040536/https://allard.ubc.ca/news-events/news-room/ubc-board-governors-approves-request-llb-bachelor-laws-degree-be-renamed-jd |archive-date=2015-04-11 |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=Allard.ubc.ca}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
 |date=May 2012
 |title=Dean Patrick Monahan on the growing number of Canadian law schools switching from the LL.B. to J.D. degree designation
 |publisher=Osgoode Law School
 |url=http://osgoode.yorku.ca/media2.nsf/83303ffe5af03ed585256ae6005379c9/ef8025cc6549271e852574200056fcc8!OpenDocument
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610142423/http://osgoode.yorku.ca/media2.nsf/83303ffe5af03ed585256ae6005379c9/ef8025cc6549271e852574200056fcc8%21OpenDocument
 |archive-date=10 June 2008
}}
</ref> The [[University of Toronto Faculty of Law|University of Toronto]] became the first law school to rename its law degree in 2001. As with the second-entry LLB, in order to be admitted to a ''Juris Doctor'' program, applicants must have completed a minimum of two or three years of study toward a bachelor's degree and scored well on the North American [[Law School Admission Test]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |title= First Year Admission Standards
 |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]]
 |url=http://law.queensu.ca/prospectiveStudents/jdProgram/admissionInformation/firstYearAdmissionStandards.html
 |access-date=15 July 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715101813/http://law.queensu.ca/prospectiveStudents/jdProgram/admissionInformation/firstYearAdmissionStandards.html
 |archive-date=15 July 2009
}}
</ref> Notwithstanding the formal requirements, nearly all successful applicants have completed undergraduate degrees before admission to a JD program.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=LL.B. program admission
 |publisher=[[University of Calgary]]
 |url=http://law.ucalgary.ca/programs/llb/admission
 |access-date=10 December 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210055347/http://law.ucalgary.ca/programs/llb/admission
 |archive-date=10 December 2007
}}
</ref> The JD in Canada is considered to be a bachelor's degree qualification.<ref name="Canadian Framework">{{cite web
 |title=Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework
 |work=Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada
 |publisher=Council of Ministers of Education
 |place=Canada
 |url=http://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/95/QA-Statement-2007.en.pdf
 |access-date=16 September 2016
 |quote=''Programs with a professional focus'' ... Some of them are first-entry programs, others are second-entry programs ... Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some  professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: DDS (Dental Surgery), MD (Medicine), LLB, or JD (Juris Doctor)
 |archive-date=28 April 2019
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428214830/http://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/95/QA-Statement-2007.en.pdf
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

All Canadian ''Juris Doctor'' programs consist of three years and have similar content in their mandatory first year courses, including public law, property law, tort law, contract law, criminal law and legal research and writing.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Degree Requirements – First Year Courses
 |series=J.D. program
 |department=Osgoode Hall Law School
 |publisher=[[York University]]
 |place=Canada
 |website=Osgoode.yorku.ca
 |url=http://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/jd/first_year_courses.html
 |access-date=25 August 2011 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104020/http://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/jd/first_year_courses.html
 |archive-date=21 July 2011
}}
</ref> Beyond first year and other courses required for graduation, course selection is elective with various concentrations such as commercial and corporate law, taxation, international law, natural resources law, real estate transactions, employment law, criminal law and Aboriginal law.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Bachelor of Law degree programs in Canada
 |website=Canadian-universities.net
 |url=http://www.canadian-universities.net/Law-Schools/Bachelor.html
 |access-date=17 April 2017
 |archive-date=10 May 2017
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510120805/http://www.canadian-universities.net/Law-Schools/Bachelor.html
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> After graduation from an accredited law school, each province's or territory's law society requires completion of a bar admission course or examination and a period of supervised articling prior to independent practice.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=What you need to know
 |series=Licensing process – lawyer
 |department=Resource Center
 |publisher=Law Society of Upper Canada
 |place=Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 |website=rc.lsuc.on.ca
 |url=http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/pdf/licensingprocesslawyer/articling/ar45memWhatYouNeedToKnow.pdf
 |access-date=11 September 2009 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705072946/http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/pdf/licensingprocesslawyer/articling/ar45memWhatYouNeedToKnow.pdf
 |archive-date=5 July 2010
}}
</ref>

United States jurisdictions other than New York and Massachusetts do not recognize Canadian ''Juris Doctor'' degrees automatically.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Toronto – Faculty of Law: Prospective Students |url=http://www.law.utoronto.ca/prosp_stdn_content.asp?itemPath=3/6/15/6/0&contentId=983#States |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828072437/http://www.law.utoronto.ca/prosp_stdn_content.asp?itemPath=3%2F6%2F15%2F6%2F0&contentId=983#States |archive-date=28 August 2011 |access-date=25 August 2011 |publisher=Law.utoronto.ca}}</ref><ref>[http://www.law.nyu.edu/llmjsd/graduateadmissions/barexaminformation/index.htm NYU Law] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211222152/http://www.law.nyu.edu/llmjsd/graduateadmissions/barexaminformation/index.htm |date=11 December 2009 }}. Law.nyu.edu. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nybarexam.org/Foreign/ForeignLegalEducation.htm |title=Foreign Legal Education |publisher=Nybarexam.org |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903034702/http://www.nybarexam.org/Foreign/ForeignLegalEducation.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, United States JD graduates are not automatically recognized in Canadian jurisdictions such as Ontario.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Lawyers
 |series=Working career professionals
 |website=Citizenship Ontario
 |url=http://www.citizenship.gov.on.ca/english/working/career/professions/lawyers.shtm
 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref> To prepare graduates to practise in jurisdictions on both sides of the border, some pairs of law schools have developed joint Canadian-American JD programs. As of 2018, these include a three-year program conducted concurrently at the University of Windsor and the University of Detroit Mercy,<ref>
{{cite web
 |publisher=[[University of Windsor]]
 |title=JD / LLB – Welcome
 |url=http://www.uwindsor.ca/jdllb
 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 April 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216235612/http://www.uwindsor.ca/jdllb
 |archive-date=16 February 2008
}}
</ref> as well as a four-year program with the University of Ottawa and either Michigan State University or American University in which students spend two years studying on each side of the border.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Joint J.D. - LL.B. Degree Program
 |department=[[Michigan State University]] College of Law
 |url=http://www.law.msu.edu/academics/ac-multi-llb.html
 |access-date=2 June 2008 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064106/http://www.law.msu.edu/academics/ac-multi-llb.html
 |archive-date=9 May 2008
}}
</ref> Previously, New York University (NYU) Law School and Osgoode Hall Law School offered a similar program, but this has since been terminated.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Osgoode J.D./LL.B. Program
 |series=Office of Admissions
 |department=[[New York University]] School of Law
 |url=http://www.law.nyu.edu/depts/admissions/info/joint/Osgoodejointprogram.html
 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 June 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518061238/http://www.law.nyu.edu/depts/admissions/info/joint/Osgoodejointprogram.html
 |archive-date=18 May 2008
}}
</ref>

Two notable exceptions are [[Université de Montréal]] and [[Université de Sherbrooke]], which both offer a one-year JD program aimed at [[Quebec civil law]] graduates in order to practice law either elsewhere in Canada or in the state of New York.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=J.D.
 |id=Programme No 2-328-1-1
 |publisher=[[University of Montreal]]
 |url=http://admission.umontreal.ca/programmes/juris-doctor-emcommon-lawem-nord-americaine/
 |access-date=31 December 2013
 |archive-date=2 January 2014
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192202/http://admission.umontreal.ca/programmes/juris-doctor-emcommon-lawem-nord-americaine/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title=Diplôme (Juris Doctor) – Faculté de droit
 |publisher=[[Université de Sherbrooke]]
 |place=Canada
 |website=Usherbrooke.ca
 |url=https://www.usherbrooke.ca/droit/programmes/deuxieme-cycle-type-cours/common-law-et-droit-transnational/diplome-juris-doctor/
 |access-date=17 April 2017
 |archive-date=11 August 2014
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811104128/https://www.usherbrooke.ca/droit/programmes/deuxieme-cycle-type-cours/common-law-et-droit-transnational/diplome-juris-doctor/
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

[[York University]] offered the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence (DJur) as a research degree until 2002, when the name of the program was changed to PhD in law.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=September senate
 |date=10 October 2002
 |publisher=[[York University]]
 |url=http://yfile-archive.news.yorku.ca/2002/10/10/september-senate/
 |access-date=13 February 2017
 |archive-date=14 February 2017
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214180123/http://yfile-archive.news.yorku.ca/2002/10/10/september-senate/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>