Editing Judge (section)

=== Europe===
[[File:President Robert Spano.jpg|thumb|[[Róbert Ragnar Spanó]], president of the [[European Court of Human Rights]]]]

====Bulgaria====
In [[Bulgaria]] before 1989 during the communist regime, judges were addressed as ''drugarju'' ({{Langx|bg|другарю|lit=comrade}}).<ref>'''Корнажер, П.''' – "Съдебна реторика. Избрани съдебни речи", ИК Софи-Р, С., 2000, с. 77</ref> After 1989, ''gospodín sŭdiya'' ({{Langx|bg|господин съдия|links=no|lit=mister judge}}) or ''gospožo sŭdiya'' ({{Langx|bg|госпожо съдия|links=no|lit=madam judge}}).

====Finland====
There is no special form of address; ordinary politeness is sufficient and the procedure lacks arcane rituals. Accordingly, the chairman of the panel is addressed as ''herra/rouva puheenjohtaja'' ("Mr./Ms. Chairman"). Finnish judges use gavels, but there are no robes or cloaks used in any Finnish courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tieteentermipankki.fi/wiki/Oikeustiede:oikeudenk%C3%A4yntirituaalit/laajempi_kuvaus|title=Oikeustiede:oikeudenkäyntirituaalit/laajempi kuvaus – Tieteen termipankki|website=tieteentermipankki.fi|access-date=18 March 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929091935/http://tieteentermipankki.fi/wiki/Oikeustiede:oikeudenk%C3%A4yntirituaalit/laajempi_kuvaus|archive-date=29 September 2017}}</ref>

In a district court (''käräjäoikeus''), ordinary judges work with the title ''käräjätuomari'' and the chairman is ''laamanni'' ([[lawspeaker]]). They are assisted by notaries (''notaari''), assessors (''asessori'') and referendaries (''viskaali'') who may sometimes even chair sessions. In appeals courts (''hovioikeus'') an ordinary judge has the title ''hovioikeudenneuvos'', the chairman of a section is ''hovioikeudenlaamanni'' and the court is led by a ''presidentti''. In the Supreme Court, judges are titled ''oikeusneuvos'' and the court is led by a ''presidentti''.

====France====
In France, the presiding judge of a court is addressed as ''Monsieur le président'' or ''Madame le président'', whilst associated judges are addressed as ''Monsieur l'Assesseur'' or ''Madame l'Assesseur''. Out of the courtroom, judges are referred to as ''Monsieur le juge'' or ''Madame le juge''.

====Germany====
In Germany, judges are addressed as ''Herr Vorsitzender'' or ''Frau Vorsitzende'', which translate as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman", or as ''Hohes Gericht'', which translates as "High Court".

====Hungary====
The male presiding judge of a court is addressed as ''tisztelt bíró úr'', which means "Honourable Mister Judge" and a female presiding judge is addressed as ''tisztelt bírónő'', which means "Honourable Madam Judge". The court as a body can be addressed as ''tisztelt bíróság'', which means "Honourable Court".

====Ireland====
Judges of the [[Supreme Court (Ireland)|Supreme Court]], [[Court of Appeal (Ireland)|Court of Appeal]], or [[High Court (Ireland)|High Court]] are officially titled ''The Honourable Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname'' ({{Langx|ga|An Breitheamh Onórach Uasal [surname]}}), and informally referred to for short as ''Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname''. In court, they are addressed either by their respective titles or styles, as ''The Court'' (''An Chúirt''), or simply ''Judge'' (''A Bhreithimh'').<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ireland |first1=Courts Service of |title=Rules and Fees: Mode of address : Court Rules : Courts Service of Ireland |url=http://www.courts.ie/rules.nsf/0c609d7abff72c1c80256d2b0045bb64/6d95cf3153a8b3c580256d2b0046a06d?OpenDocument |website=www.courts.ie}}</ref> In [[law reports]], the [[Chief Justice of Ireland]] has the postnominal ''CJ'', the Presidents of the other Courts have the postnominal ''P'', and all other judges ''J'', e.g. ''Smith J''.

Judges of the [[Circuit Court (Ireland)|Circuit Court]] are titled ''His/Her Honour Judge Surname'' and are addressed in Court as ''Judge''. Before 2006, they were addressed as ''My Lord'' (''A thiarna'') .

Judges of the [[District Court (Ireland)|District Court]] are titled ''Judge Surname'' and addressed in Court as ''Judge''. Before 1991 these judges were known as District Justices and addressed as ''Your Worship'' (''d'Onóra'').

====Italy====
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Falconebn.jpg|thumb|[[Giovanni Falcone]], one of the most influential European judges of the 20th century.]] -->
In Italy, the presiding judge of a court is addressed as ''Signor/Signora presidente della corte'' (Sir/Madame president of the court) or ''Vostro Onore'' (Your Honour).

====Netherlands====
In the [[Netherlands]], presiding judges of either sex are, in writing only, addressed ''edelachtbare'' ("Your Honour") for judges in the Court of First Instance, ''edelgrootachtbare'' ("Your Great Honour") for justices in the Court of Appeal and ''edelhoogachtbare'' ("Your High Honour") for justices in the High Council of the Netherlands (Supreme Court).

====Poland====
In Poland, presiding judges of either sex during trial are addressed ''Wysoki Sądzie'' ("High Court").

====Portugal====
In [[Portugal]], presiding judges during trial are addressed as ''Meretíssimo Juiz'' when a man or ''Meretíssima Juíza'' when a woman (meaning "Most Worthy Judge") or as ''Vossa Excelência'' ("Your Excellency") when not specifying gender.

====Romania====
In [[Romania]], judges during trial are addressed as ''Onorata Instanta'' (Your Honor).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magnagratia.org/art20.html|title=Ce ai voie sa faci si ce nu la tribunal|website=MAGNA GRATIA - Literatură creștină de calitate. Totul gratuit.|date=July 2019 }}</ref>

====Russia====
In Russia, ''Vasha Chest'' ({{Langx|ru|Ваша Честь|lit=Your Honour}}) is used for criminal cases only with the one judge presiding.<ref name="Criminal Procedure Code of Russia. 257">{{cite web |url=http://www.consultant.ru/popular/upkrf/11_45.html#p4018 |title=Criminal Procedure Code of Russia, Article 257. Regulations of the court session |publisher=Consultant.ru |access-date=2013-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112318/http://www.consultant.ru/popular/upkrf/11_45.html#p4018 |archive-date=2013-01-23 }}</ref> For civil, commercial and criminal cases presided over by a panel of judges the right address is ''Honorable Court''.<ref name="Criminal Procedure Code of Russia. 257" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consultant.ru/popular/gpkrf/8_17.html#p1335 |title=Civil Procedure Code of Russia, Article 158. Procedure of the court session |publisher=Consultant.ru |access-date=2013-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708174029/http://www.consultant.ru/popular/gpkrf/8_17.html#p1335 |archive-date=2013-07-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consultant.ru/popular/apkrf/9_22.html#p1801 |title=Arbitral Procedure Code of Russia, Article 154. Procedure of the court session |publisher=Consultant.ru |access-date=2013-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512065707/http://www.consultant.ru/popular/apkrf/9_22.html#p1801 |archive-date=2013-05-12 }}</ref>

====Spain====
In Spain, magistrates of the Supreme Court, magistrates and judges are addressed to as "Your Lordship" (''Su Señoría''); however, in formal occasions, magistrates of the Supreme Court are addressed to as "Your Most Excellent Lordship" (''Vuestra Señoría Excelentísima'' or ''Excelentísimo Señor''/''Excelentísima Señora''); in those solemn occasions, magistrates of lower Courts are addressed as "Your Most Illustrious Lordship" (''Vuestra Señoría Ilustrísima'' or ''Ilustrísimo Señor''/''Ilustrísima Señora''); simple judges are always called "Your Lordship".

====Sweden====
In Sweden, the presiding judge of a court is traditionally addressed as ''Herr Ordförande'' or ''Fru Ordförande'', which translate as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman".

====United Kingdom====
{{See also|Forms of address in the United Kingdom#Judiciary}}

=====England and Wales=====
In the [[Courts of England and Wales]], [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]] judges are called Justices of the Supreme Court.  Justices of the Supreme Court who do not hold life peerages are now given the courtesy style "Lord" or "Lady".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/pr_1013.pdf |title=Courtesy titles for Justices of the Supreme Court |access-date=2010-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207071932/http://supremecourt.uk/docs/pr_1013.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-07 }}</ref>  Justices of the Supreme Court are addressed as "My Lord/Lady" in court.  In the law reports, the Justices of the Supreme Court are usually referred to as "Lord/Lady N", although the Weekly Law Reports appends the post-nominal letters "JSC" (e.g. "Lady Smith JSC"). The President and Deputy President of the Court are afforded the post-nominal letters PSC and DPSC respectively. Only experienced [[barrister]]s or [[solicitor]]s are usually appointed as judges.

Judges of the [[High Court]] and [[Court of Appeal]] are [[Forms of address in the United Kingdom|addressed]] (when sitting in those courts) as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship".

Judges of the Court of Appeal, also called [[Lords Justice of Appeal]], are referred to as "Lord Justice N" or "Lady Justice N".  In legal writing, Lords Justices of Appeal are afforded the post nominal letters "LJ": for example, Smith LJ.

When a [[High Court judge (England and Wales)|Justice of the High Court]] who is not present is being referred to they are [[Mr Justice|described]] as "Mr./Mrs./Ms. Justice ''N.''"  In legal writing, the post-nominal letter "J" is used to denote a Justice (male or female) of the High Court; for example, a Justice Smith is referred to as Smith J.<ref name="Garner_Page_489">{{cite book |last1=Garner |first1=Bryan A. |authorlink1=Bryan A. Garner |title=Garner's Dictionary of Legal Usage |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195384208 |page=489 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1m1bI5vCooC&pg=PA489 |access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref> Unlike American English, no comma is used to offset the letter J from the Justice's name.<ref name="Garner_Page_489" /> The full stop after the preceding examples terminates the sentence, not the abbreviation, and the abbreviation can be used mid-sentence in prose in formal legal writing.<ref name="Garner_Page_489" />  [[Master (judiciary)|Masters]] of the [[EWHC|High Court]] are addressed as "Master". [[Insolvency and Companies Court]] judges in the High Court are addressed as "Judge".

[[Circuit judge (UK)|Circuit judges]] and [[Recorder (judge)|recorders]] are addressed as "Your Honour". Circuit judges are referred to as "His/Her Honour Judge N".  In writing, this title is occasionally abbreviated as "HHJ" or "HH Judge N", but not in legal writing. [[District judge (magistrates courts)|District judges]] and [[tribunal]] judges are addressed as "Sir/Madam".

[[Magistrate (England and Wales)|Magistrates]] are usually still addressed as "[[Your Worship]]" in much of England. Magistrates are also addressed as "Sir/Madam".

=====Scotland=====
In the [[Courts of Scotland]] judges in the [[Court of Session]], [[High Court of Justiciary]] and the [[sheriff court]]s are all addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship".

[[Justice of the peace|Justices of the peace]] in [[justice of the peace court]]s are addressed and referred to as "Your Honour".

=====Northern Ireland=====
The judicial system of [[Northern Ireland]] is very similar to that of England and Wales, and superior court judges are addressed the same way as those in England and Wales. However, there are a few differences at the lower levels.

In Northern Ireland, the equivalent to a circuit judge is a [[county court]] judge, and they are addressed and titled the same way as a circuit judge is in England and Wales. The senior county court judges assigned to the county court divisions of [[Belfast]] and [[Derry]] have the titles of [[Recorder of Belfast]] and Recorder of Londonderry (or Derry) respectively, but are addressed the same as other county court judges. A district judge sitting in the County Court is addressed as "Your Honour".

A district judge (magistrates' court) is addressed as "Your Worship". A lay magistrate, in cases where they are present, is also addressed as "Your Worship", and may use the post-nominals "LM", e.g. "John Smith LM".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofLaw/Education/handbooks/Filetoupload,150353,en.pdf |title=A Guide to Judicial Careers in Northern Ireland |publisher=Northern Ireland Judicial Appointments Commission |date=April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118122017/http://www.law.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofLaw/Education/handbooks/Filetoupload%2C150353%2Cen.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-18 }}</ref>