Editing Joan of Arc (section)

==Legacy==
Joan is one of the most studied people of the [[Middle Ages]],{{sfn|DeVries|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/n19 3]|}} partly because her two trials provided a wealth of documents.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/16 16–17]|Warner|1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/6 4–6]}} Her image, changing over time, has included being the savior of France, an obedient daughter of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence.{{sfn|Sexsmith|1990|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42630458 125], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42630458?seq=5 129]}}

===Military leader and symbol of France===
[[File:Statue of Jeanne d'Arc in Orléans A (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Joan of Arc'', statue by [[Denis Foyatier]] (1855, [[Orléans]])|alt=Joan of Arc on horseback, with sword in right hand ]]
Joan's reputation as a military leader who helped drive the English from France began to form before her death. Just after Charles's coronation, [[Christine de Pizan]] wrote the poem ''Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc'', celebrating Joan as a supporter of Charles sent by [[Divine Providence]] and reflecting French optimism after the triumph at Orléans.{{sfnm|1a1=Kennedy|1a2=Varty|1y=1977|1p=[{{Google Books|id=qogHAQAAIAAJ|pg=PA1|plainurl=yes}} 1]|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/25 25]|ps= . See {{harvnb|de Pizan|1497|pp=[{{Google books|id=qogHAQAAIAAJ|pg=PA41|plainurl=yes}} 41–50]}} for an English translation.}} As early as 1429, Orléans began holding a celebration in honor of the raising of the siege on 8 May.{{sfn|Hamblin|2003|p=[{{Google books|id=e04BDgAAQBAJ|pg=PA209|plainurl=yes}} 209]}}

After Joan's execution, her role in the Orléans victory encouraged popular support for her rehabilitation.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/118 118]}} Joan became a central part of the annual celebration, and by 1435, a play, {{lang|fr|Mistère du siège d'Orléans}} (Mystery of the Siege of Orléans),{{sfnm|1a1=Hamblin|1y=2003|1p=[{{Google books|id=e04BDgAAQBAJ|pg=PA217|plainurl=yes}} 217]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/243 243]|2ps=; also see {{harvnb|Hamblin|1984|pp=[https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/187687 9–10]}}}} portrayed her as the vehicle of the divine will that liberated Orléans.{{sfn|Hamblin|1988|pp=[https://jstor.org/stable/1347436?seq=3 63–64]}} The Orléans festival celebrating Joan continues in modern times.{{sfnm|1a1=Orléans|1y=2021|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/242 242–245]|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/192 192]}}

Less than a decade after her rehabilitation trial, [[Pope Pius II]] wrote a brief biography describing her as the maid who saved the kingdom of France.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/350 350–352]}} [[Louis XII]] commissioned a full-length biography of her {{Circa|1500|lk=no}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/316 316]|1ps=|2a1=Rankin|2a2=Quintal|2y=1964|2p=[https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank/page/3 3] |2ps=. See {{harvnb|Anon.|1500}} for an English translation.}}

Joan's early legacy was closely associated with the [[Divine right of kings|divine right]] of the monarchy to rule France.{{sfnm|Fraioli|2000|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai/page/56 56]|Mackinnon|1902|2p=[https://archive.org/details/growthdeclineoff00mackuoft/page/78 78]|Wood|1988|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcrichard0000wood/page/150 150]}} During the [[French Revolution]], her reputation came into question because of her association with the monarchy and religion,{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/15 15]|Mock|2011|2p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/39 39]}} and the festival in her honor held at Orléans was suspended in 1793.{{sfn|France|1909|pp=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19488/19488-h/19488-h.htm#INTRODUCTION lix–lx]}} In 1803, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] authorized its renewal{{sfn|Warner|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/256 256]}} and the creation of a new statue of Joan at Orléans, stating, "The illustrious Joan&nbsp;... proved that there is no miracle which French genius cannot accomplish when national independence is threatened."{{sfnm|Conner|2004|1p=[https://archive.org/details/ageofnapoleon0000conn/page/89 89]|Guillemin|1970|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/249 249]}}

Since then, she has become a prominent symbol as the defender of the French nation. After the French defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], Joan became a rallying point for a new crusade to reclaim Lorraine, the province of her birth.{{sfnm|Guillemin|1970|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/250 250]|Maddox|2012|2p=[{{Google books|id=rETxD8KcnUIC|pg=PA444|plainurl=yes}} 444]}} The [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] held a patriotic civic holiday in her honor{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248?&seq=12 450]|Mock|2011|2p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/144 144]}} on 8 May to celebrate her victory at Orléans.{{sfnm|Guillemin|1970|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/254 255]|Sexsmith|1990|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42630458?&seq=5 129]}} During World War I, her image was used to inspire victory.{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248?&seq=11 449]|Gaehtgens|2018|2p=[{{Google books|id=YgldDwAAQBAJ|pg=PA45|plainurl=yes}} 45]}} In World War II, all sides of the French cause appealed to her legacy:{{sfnm|Cohen|2014|1p=[{{Google book|id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA130|plainurl=yes}} 130]}} she was a symbol for [[Philippe Pétain]] in [[Vichy France]],{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248?&seq=14 452]|Cohen|2014|2p=[{{Google book|id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA130|plainurl=yes}} 130]}} a model for [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s leadership of the [[Free French]],{{sfnm|Cohen|2014|1p=[{{Google book|id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA138|plainurl=yes}} 138]| Dunn|2021|2p=[{{Google books|id=SG4HEAAAQBAJ|pg=PA62|plainurl=yes}} 62] }} and an example for the [[French Resistance#Communists|Communist resistance]].{{sfn|Mock|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/220 220]}} More recently, her association with the monarchy and national liberation has made her a symbol for the French far right, including the monarchist movement [[Action Française]]{{sfn|Dunn|2021|p=[{{Google books|id=SG4HEAAAQBAJ|pg=PA62|plainurl=yes}} 62] }} and the [[National Rally|National Front Party]].{{sfnm|Gildea|1996|1p=[{{Google books|id=-JcLOEKvJ2kC|pg=PA165|plainurl=yes}} 165]|Margolis|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/265 265]}} Joan's image has been used by the entire spectrum of French politics,{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248 439]|Mock|2011|2p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/3 3]}} and she is an important reference in political dialogue about French identity and unity.{{sfn|Mock|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/145 145]}}

===Saint and heroic woman===
[[File:Albert Lynch - Jeanne d'Arc.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration by [[Albert Lynch]] (1903, in ''Figaro Illustré'' magazine)|alt=Joan of Arc depicted with short black hair in full body armor holding a flag and a sword; the breastplate reads "Jesus and Mary" in Latin]]
Joan is a [[saint#Catholic Church|saint]] in the Roman Catholic Church. She was viewed as a religious figure in Orléans after the siege was lifted, and an annual [[panegyric]] was pronounced there on her behalf until the 1800s.{{sfnm|Gildea|1996|1pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-JcLOEKvJ2kC&q=panegyric 155–156]|Warner|1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/311 311–312, fn 24]}} In 1849, the Bishop of Orlėans [[Félix Dupanloup]] delivered an oration that attracted international attention{{sfn|Taylor|2012|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136?&seq=223 238]}} and in 1869, petitioned Rome to begin [[beatification]] proceedings.{{sfnm|1a1=Gildea|1y=1996|p=[{{Google books|id=-JcLOEKvJ2kC|pg=PA156|plainurl=yes}} 156]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/244 244–245]|3a1=Taylor|3y=2012|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136?&seq=23 238]}} She was beatified by [[Pope Pius X]] in 1909, and [[Canonization of Joan of Arc|canonized]] on 16 May 1920 by [[Pope Benedict XV]].{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/245 245]|2a1=Taylor|2y=2012|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136?&seq=25 240]}} Her [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] is 30 May, the anniversary of her execution.{{sfn|Castor|2015|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/244 244]}} In an [[Ecclesiastical letter|apostolic letter]], [[Pope Pius XI]] declared Joan one of the [[Patron saint|patron saints]] of France on 2 March 1922.{{sfn|Pius XI|1922|p=[https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-apostolicae-sedis_1922-04-03_14_7/page/187 187]|ps=:{{lang|li| Sanctam Ioannam Virginem Arcensem, uti Patronam minus principalem Galliae, libentissime declaramus et constituimus}} [We most gladly declare and appoint Saint Joan of Arc, the virgin, as the Secondary Patron Saint of France]}}

Joan was canonized as a [[Virgin (title)|Virgin]],{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/162 162]|ps=; see {{harvnb|Benedict XV|1920}} for the text of the papal bull canonizing Joan.}} not as a [[Christian martyr]]{{sfnm|Chenu|1990|1p=[https://archive.org/details/bookofchristianm00chen/page/98 98]|Ghezzi|1996|2p=|Sullivan|1996|3p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/106 106 fn8]|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/264 264]}} because she had been put to death by a canonically constituted court,{{sfn|Guillemin|1970|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/256 256]}} which executed her not for her faith in [[Jesus|Christ]],{{sfn|Harrison|2002|p=[{{Google books|id=F3qFtB-Lq14C|pg=PA105|plainurl=yes}} 105]}} but for her private revelation.{{sfn|Kelly|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/210 210]}} Nevertheless, she has been popularly venerated as a martyr since her death:{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n360 842]|Meltzer|2001|2p=[{{Google book|id=_SEPFzzpvp0C|pg=PA192|plainurl=yes}} 192]|Pernoud|1955|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/6 6],[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/252 252]|Taylor|2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/29 29 fn86]}} one who suffered for her modesty and purity,{{sfnm|Kelly|1996|1p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/210 210]|Michelet|1855|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/249 249]|McInerney|2003|3pp=[{{Google books|id=grHIDAAAQBAJ|pg=PA210|plainurl=yes}} 210]–[{{Google books|id=grHIDAAAQBAJ|pg=PA211|plainurl=yes}} 211]
|Sullivan|1999|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/30 30–31]}} her country,{{sfnm|Kelly|1996|1p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/210 210]|Guillemin|1970|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/249 249]|Warner|1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/268 268]}} and the strength of her convictions.{{sfn|Chenu|1990|pp=[https://archive.org/details/bookofchristianm00chen/page/98 98–99]}} Joan is also [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered as a visionary]] in the [[Church of England]] with a [[Commemoration (observance)|commemoration]] on 30 May.{{sfn|The Calendar|2021}} She is revered in the [[pantheon (religion)|pantheon]] of the [[Cao Dai]] religion.{{sfn|Boal|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontowo2005unse/page/208 208]}}

During her lifetime, Joan was already being compared to biblical women heroes, such as [[Esther]], [[Judith#Main characters|Judith]], and [[Deborah]].{{sfn|Fraioli|1981|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364 811], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364?seq=3 813–814]}} Her claim of virginity, which signified her virtue and sincerity,{{sfnm|1a1=Dworkin|1y=1987|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/126 126–127]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/30 30–31]|3a1=Meltzer|3y=2001|3p=[{{Google books|id=_SEPFzzpvp0C|pg=PA94|plainurl=yes}} 94]}} was upheld by women of status from both the Armagnac and Burgundian-English sides of the Hundred Years' War: Yolande of Aragon, Charles's mother-in-law, and [[Anne of Burgundy]], Duchess of Bedford.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/97 97],[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/168 168]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/54 54], [https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/154 154]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/30 30–31],[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/105 105]}}

Joan has been described as a model of an autonomous woman who challenged traditions of masculinity and femininity{{sfnm|Dworkin|1987|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/123 123–125]|Sullivan|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/103 103]}} to be heard as an individual{{sfn|Barstow|1985|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571?&seq=1 24–29]}} in a patriarchal culture{{sfn|Barstow|1985|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571?&seq=1 24–29]}}—setting her own course by heeding the voices of her visions.{{sfn|Barstow|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/127 127–129]}} She fulfilled the traditionally male role of a military leader,{{sfnm|Dworkin|1987|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/104 104–105]|Fraioli|1981|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364?seq=7 817]|Sproles|1996|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706?&seq=5 162]|Taylor|2012|4p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136?&seq=2 217]|Warner|1981|5p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/216 216]}} while maintaining her status as a valiant woman.{{sfn|Dworkin|1987|p=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/104 104]}} Merging qualities associated with both genders,{{sfn|Barstow|1985|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571?&seq=4 29]}} Joan has [[Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc|inspired numerous artistic and cultural works]] for many centuries. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of works of art about her—including biographies, plays, and musical scores—were created in France, and her story became popular as an artistic subject in Europe and North America.{{sfn|Dunn|2021|p=[{{Google books|id=SG4HEAAAQBAJ|pg=PA38|plainurl=yes}} 38]}} By the 1960s, she was the topic of thousands of books.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/16 16–17]}} Her legacy has become global, and inspires novels, plays, poems, operas, films, paintings, children's books, advertising, computer games, comics and popular culture across the world.{{sfn|Cohen|2014|p=[{{Google book|id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA110|plainurl=yes}} 110]}}