Editing James Joyce (section)

==1920–1941: Paris and Zurich==
===Paris===
[[File:James Joyce - Sep 1922 Shadowland.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Joyce in a September 1922 issue of ''[[Shadowland (magazine)|Shadowland]]'', photographed by [[Man Ray]]|alt=Picture of James Joyce from 1922 in three-quarters view looking downward]]
When Joyce and his family arrived in Paris in July 1920, their visit was intended to be a layover on their way to London.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/273 273–274]|Gibson|2006|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/132 132]}} For the first four months, he stayed with {{ill|Ludmila Savitzky|fr}}{{sfn|Livak|2012|p= [http://sites.utoronto.ca/tsq/41/tsq41_livak.pdf 143]}} and met [[Sylvia Beach]], who ran the [[Rive Gauche]] bookshop, [[Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)|Shakespeare and Company]].{{sfnm|Beach|1959|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/shakespearecompa00beac/page/36 36–38]|Bowker|2012|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/276 276–277]|Gibson|2006|3p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/134 134]}} Beach quickly became an important person in Joyce's life, providing financial support,{{sfn|Bowker|2012|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/292 292], [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/297 297]}} and becoming one of his publishers.{{sfn|Gorman|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/286 286]}} Through Beach and Pound, Joyce quickly joined the intellectual circle of Paris and was integrated into the international [[modernist]] artist community.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/274 274]|Gibson|2006|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/134 134–135]}} Joyce met [[Valery Larbaud]], who championed Joyce's works to the French{{sfn|Monnier|Beach|1946|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4332775 430]|ps=: see {{harvnb|Larbaud|1922}}}} and supervised the French translation of ''Ulysses''.{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/100 100]|Ellmann|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/499 499]}} Paris became the Joyces' regular residence for twenty years, though they never settled into a single location for long.{{sfnm|Gibson|2006|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/133 133]|Harrington|1998|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473958 841–842]}}

====Publication of ''Ulysses''====
Joyce finished writing ''Ulysses'' near the end of 1921, but had difficulties getting it published. With financial backing from the lawyer [[John Quinn (collector)|John Quinn]],{{sfn|Rainey|1996|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473767?seq=5 535]}}{{efn|Quinn was an early supporter of Joyce's work in the United States. (cf., {{harvnb|Quinn|1917}}) }} Margaret Anderson and her co-editor [[Jane Heap]] had begun serially publishing it in ''The Little Review'' in March 1918{{sfn|Beja|1992|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/72/ 72]}} but in January and May 1919, two instalments were suppressed as obscene and potentially subversive.{{sfnm|Vanderham|1997|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycecensor0000vand/page/6 6],[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycecensor0000vand/page/29 29]|Weir|2000|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477749?seq=1 389], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477749?seq=3 391–392] }} In September 1920, an unsolicited instalment of the "Nausicaa" episode was sent to the daughter of a New York attorney associated with the [[New York Society for the Suppression of Vice]], leading to an official complaint.{{sfn|Rainey|1996|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473767?seq=5 535]}} The [[Obscenity trial of Ulysses in The Little Review|trial proceedings]] continued until February 1921, when Anderson and Healy, defended by Quinn, were fined $50 each for publishing obscenity{{sfn|Anderson|1921}} and ordered to cease publishing ''Ulysses''.{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/502 502–503]}} Huebsch, who had expressed interest in publishing the novel in the United States, decided against it after the trial.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/286 286]|Ellmann|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/504 504]}}
Weaver was unable to find an English printer,{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/83 83]|Bowker|2012|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/286 286]}} and the novel was [[Book censorship|banned]] for obscenity in the United Kingdom in 1922, where it was blacklisted until 1936.{{sfn|Medina Casado|2000|p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477754 479]}}

[[File:Order form for ulysses.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Page saying 'ULYSSES by JAMES JOYCE will be published in the Autumn of 1921 by "SHAKESPEARE AND COMPANY" – SYLVIA BEACH – 8, RUE DUPUYTREN, PARIS – VIe' with drawing of Shakespeare holding a book|Announcement of the initial publication of [[Ulysses (novel)|''Ulysses'']]]]
Almost immediately after Anderson and Healy were ordered to stop printing ''Ulysses'', Beach agreed to publish it through her bookshop.{{sfnm|Beach|1959|1p=[https://archive.org/details/shakespearecompa00beac/page/47 47]|Beja|1992|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/85 85]|Bowker|2012|3p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/287 288] |Ellmann|1982|4p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/504 504]}} She had books mailed to people in Paris and the United States who had subscribed to get a copy; Weaver sent books from Beach's plates to subscribers in England.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/289 289–290]|Ellmann|1982|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/504 504–506]}} Soon, the postal officials of both countries began confiscating the books.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/315 315]|Ellmann|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/506 506]}} They were then smuggled into both countries.{{sfn|Beja|1992|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/86 86]}}{{efn|[[Ernest Hemingway]] became involved in smuggling copies of ''Ulysses'' into the United States from Canada.{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/85 85]|Bowker|2012|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/312 312–313]}} }} Because the work had no copyright in the United States at this time, "bootleg" versions appeared, including pirate versions from publisher [[Samuel Roth]], who only ceased his actions in 1928 when a court [[enjoined]] publication.{{sfn|Beja|1992|pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/93 93–94]}} ''Ulysses'' was not legally published in the United States until 1934 after Judge [[John M. Woolsey]] ruled in ''[[United States v. One Book Called Ulysses]]'' that the book was not obscene.{{sfn|Medina Casado|2000|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831652?seq=4 93–94]}}

====Writing ''Finnegans Wake''====
In 1923, Joyce began his next work, an [[experimental novel]] that eventually became ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/318 318]|Davies|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/307 307]}}{{efn|In March 1923, Joyce wrote "Yesterday I wrote two pages—the first I have since the final ''Yes'' of ''Ulysses''. Having found a pen, with some difficulty I copied them out in a large handwriting on a double sheet of [[wikt:foolscap|foolscap]] so that I could read them. ''Il lupo perde il pelo ma non il vizio'', the Italians say. 'The wolf may lose his skin but not his vice' or 'the leopard cannot change his spots."{{sfn|Joyce|1957|p=[https://archive.org/details/letters00joyc/page/202 202]|ps=: Letter to Harriet Shaw Weaver, March 1923}}}} It would take sixteen years to complete.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/322 322]|Ellmann|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/552 522]}} At first, Joyce called it ''Work in Progress'', which was the name [[Ford Madox Ford]] used in April 1924 when he published its "Mamalujo" episode in his magazine, ''[[The Transatlantic Review]]''. In 1926, [[Eugene Jolas|Eugene]] and [[Maria Jolas|Maria]] Jolas serialised the novel in their magazine, ''[[transition (literary journal)|transition]]''. When parts of the novel first came out, some of Joyce's supporters—like Stanislaus, Pound, and Weaver—{{sfnm|Joyce|1966b|1p=[https://archive.org/details/letterofjamesjoy03joyc/page/102 102]|1ps=: Letter from Stanislaus Joyce, 7 August 1924|Pound|1967|2p=[https://archive.org/details/poundjoyceletter00poun_0/page/228 228]|2ps=: Letter to James Joyce, 15 November 1926|Ellmann|1982|3p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/590 590]|3ps=: Letter from Weaver, 4 February 1927}} wrote negatively about it,{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/92 92]|Bulson|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000buls/page/94 94]}} and it was criticised by writers like [[Seán Ó Faoláin]], [[Wyndham Lewis]], and [[Rebecca West]].{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/613 613]}} In response, Joyce and the Jolases organised the publication of a collection of positive essays titled ''[[Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress]]'', which included writings by [[Samuel Beckett]] and [[William Carlos Williams]].{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/613 613]|Henke|1991|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/613 613–615]}} An additional purpose of publishing these essays was to market ''Work in Progress'' to a larger audience.{{sfn|Dilks|2004|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25478104?&seq=2 720]}} Joyce publicly revealed the novel's title as ''Finnegans Wake'' in 1939,{{sfn|Weisenfarth|1991|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539891?seq=6 100]}} the same year he completed it. It was published in London by [[Faber and Faber]]{{sfn|Beja|1992|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/121 121]}} with the assistance of T. S. Eliot.{{sfn|Loukopoulou|2011|pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598885?seq=17 699–700]}}{{efn|Joyce met [[T. S. Eliot]] in Paris in 1923. Eliot became a strong advocate of Joyce's work, arranging publication of parts of ''Work in Progress'', the first complete edition of ''Finnegans Wake'' with [[Faber and Faber]] and editing the first anthology of Joyce's work the year after his death.{{sfnm|Dalton|1968|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486740 79]|Nadel|1990|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25485058?seq=4 512–513]|ps=; Also see Joyce's note mentioned in {{harvnb|Fahy|1993|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26283682?&seq=6 8]}} regarding the publication date of ''Finnegans Wake''}}}}

Joyce's health problems afflicted him throughout his Paris years. He had over a dozen eye operations,{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/78 78]|Bowker|2012|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/400 400]|Davies|1982|3p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/334 334]|Ellmann|1982|4p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/622 622]}} but his vision severely declined.{{sfn|Gibson|2006|pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/151 151–152]}} By 1930, he was practically blind in the left eye and his right eye functioned poorly.{{sfn|Birmingham|2014|p= [https://archive.org/details/mostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5/page/256 256]}} He had all of his teeth removed because of infection.{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/78 78]|Bowker|2012|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/320 320]}} At one point, Joyce became worried that he could not finish ''Finnegans Wake'', asking the Irish author [[James Stephens (author)|James Stephens]] to complete it if he became unable.{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/9 93]|Bowker|2012|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/364 364]|Gibson|2006|3p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/149 149]}}

Joyce's financial problems continued. Although he was now earning a good income from his investments and royalties, his spending habits often left him without available money.{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/632 632]|Osteen|1995a|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/economyofulysses0000oste/page/14 14–15]}} Despite these issues, he published ''Pomes Penyeach'' in 1927, a collection of thirteen poems that he wrote in Trieste, Zurich and Paris.{{sfn|Petroski|1974|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830909?seq=4 1024]}}

====Marriage in London====
[[File:43. Adolf Hoffmeister, James Joyce, 1966.jpg|1966 drawing of Joyce by [[Adolf Hoffmeister]]|thumb|left|upright=.6]]
In 1930, Joyce began thinking of establishing a residence in London once more,{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/622 622]|Maddox|1989|2p=[https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/255 255]}} primarily to ensure that Giorgio, who had just married Helen Fleischmann, would have his inheritance secured under British law.{{sfnm|Bowker|2011|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598884?&seq7 673]|Ellmann|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/622 622]}} Joyce moved to London, obtained a long-term lease on a flat, registered on the [[electoral roll]], and became liable for [[jury service]]. After living together for twenty-seven years, Joyce and Nora got married at the [[Kensington and Chelsea Register Office|Register Office in Kensington]] on 4 July 1931.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/419 419]|Loukopoulou|2011|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598885?&seq=5 687]}} Joyce stayed in London for at least six months to establish his residency, but abandoned his flat and returned to Paris later in the year when Lucia showed signs of mental illness. He planned to return, but never did and later became disaffected with England.{{sfnm|Bowker|2011|1pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598884?seq=9 675-675]}}

In later years, Joyce lived in Paris but frequently travelled to Switzerland for eye surgery{{efn|He still retained his sense of humour and appreciation of music during these difficult times. For example, Joyce heard the composer [[Othmar Schoeck]]'s Song Cycle based on the poems of [[Gottfried Keller]], {{lang|de|Lebendig begraben}} [''Buried Alive''], while visiting Zurich in 1935. Afterwards, he went to Schoeck's house unannounced and dressed as a tramp to introduce himself to him. He later obtained Keller's poems and began to translate them.{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/669 669]|Gerber|2010|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23048756?&seq=2 479]}} }} or for treatment for Lucia,{{sfn|Fischer|2021|pp=[{{Google books|id=-IETEAAAQBAJ|2021|pg=PA22|plainurl=yes}} 22]–[{{Google books|id=-IETEAAAQBAJ|2021|pg=PA23|plainurl=yes}} 23]}} who was diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]].{{sfn|Beja|1992|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/115 115]}} Lucia was analysed by Carl Jung, who had previously written that ''Ulysses'' was similar to schizophrenic writing.{{sfnm|Jung|1952|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/spiritinmanartli0015jung/page/116 116–117]| Shloss|2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/luciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8/page/278 278]}}{{efn|Jung also states: "It would never occur to me to class ''Ulysses'' as a product of schizophrenia{{nbsp}}... ''Ulysses'' is no more a pathological product than modern art as a whole."{{sfn|Jung|1952|p = [https://archive.org/details/spiritinmanartli0015jung/page/117 117]}} }} Jung suggested that she and her father were two people going into a river, except that Joyce was diving and Lucia was falling.{{sfn|Shloss|2005| p=[https://archive.org/details/luciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8/page/297 297]}} In spite of Joyce's attempts to help Lucia, she remained permanently institutionalised after his death.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/536 537]|Shloss|2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/luciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8/page/7 7]}}

===Final return to Zurich===
In the late 1930s, Joyce became increasingly concerned about the rise of fascism and antisemitism.{{sfn|Beja|1992|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/122 122]}} In 1938, Joyce was involved in helping Jews escape Nazi persecution.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/500 500]|Nadel|1986|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396219?seq=8 306–308]}} After the [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|fall of France]] in 1940, Joyce and his family fled from [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi occupation]], returning to Zurich a final time.{{sfn|Gibson|2006|pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/155 155–156]}}