Editing Islamic eschatology (section)

====Scholars====
Muslim scholars arguing in favor of  non-Muslims' being able to enter paradise cite the verse: 
*"Indeed, those who believed and those who were Jews or Christians or Sabians—those who believed in Allah and the Last Day and did righteousness—will have their reward with their Lord, and no fear will there be concerning them, nor will they grieve," (Q.{{qref|2|62}}). 
Those arguing against non-Muslim salvation regard this verse to have applied only until the arrival of [[Muhammad]], after which it was [[Naskh (tafsir)|abrogated]]  by another verse: 
* "And whoever desires other than Islam as religion—never will it be accepted from him, and he, in the Hereafter, will be among the losers. (Q.{{qref|3|85}}).<ref>David Marshall ''Communicating the Word: Revelation, Translation, and Interpretation in Christianity and Islam'' Georgetown University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-589-01803-7}} p. 8</ref><ref>Lloyd Ridgeon ''Islamic Interpretations of Christianity'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-84020-3}}</ref><ref name="Khalil-2013-209">{{Cite book|title=Between heaven and hell: Islam, salvation, and the fate of others|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor=Khalil, Mohammad Hassan|isbn=9780199945412|location=Oxford|page=113|oclc=793726652}}</ref><ref name=Khalil-2013-111>{{Cite book|title=Between heaven and hell: Islam, salvation, and the fate of others|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor=Khalil, Mohammad Hassan|isbn=9780199945412|location=Oxford|page=111|oclc=793726652}}</ref> 
Although the Quran acknowledges the Bible as gospel, rejecting Muhammad and his message is seen as a rejection of salvation by them.<ref name="Khalil-2013-209" />

According to [[Mohammad Hassan Khalil]], on the subject of whether self-proclaimed non-Muslims might be allowed into Jannah, Islamic theologians can be classified as 
*'Exclusivists' –  who maintain that only Muslims will be saved and that adherents of all other beliefs will burn in hell.<ref name="Firestone"/> 
*'Inclusivists' –  who also affirm that Islam is the path to heaven, but that some others are actually on the same path (and will go to Jannah) though they call themselves non-Muslims and call their path by a different name.<ref name="Firestone"/>
* 'Pluralists' –  assert that there are several religious traditions or interpretations that are equally effective saving their adherents from damnation,  regardless of the circumstances.<ref name="Firestone"/> 
* 'Universalists' –  'believe that all of hell's inhabitants will be admitted into heaven following a significant period of time' suffering in hell.<ref name="Firestone"/> 
(In addition there are those who could be described as 'interim inclusivists' or <ref name="Firestone"/> 'ultimate universalists'.)<ref name=Khalil-2013-13>{{Cite book|title=Between heaven and hell: Islam, salvation, and the fate of others|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor=Khalil, Mohammad Hassan|isbn=9780199945412|location=Oxford|page=13|oclc=793726652}}</ref>

Based on these categories, four "well-known and particularly influential Muslim thinkers" can be sorted as: 
* al-Ghazālī –  "optimistic" or "liberal inclusivist",<ref name="Firestone"/>
* [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn al-ʿArabī]] –  "liberal inclusivist" to "quasi-universalist",<ref name="Firestone"/> 
* [[Ibn Taymiyya]] and 
* [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]] –  both universalists, (despite their status as "darlings" of "many who call themselves Salafīs"),
* [[Rashīd Riḍā]] –  was a lenient inclusivist to cautious universalist.<ref name="Firestone">{{cite journal |last1=Firestone |first1=Reuven |title=[Review of two books by Mohammad Hassan Khalil, ''Islam and the Fate of Others'' and ''Between Heaven and Hell''] |journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies |date=June 2014 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=142–149 |doi=10.3366/jqs.2014.0151 |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/full/10.3366/jqs.2014.0151 |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ibn Hazm]] –  "proclaimed that even the most upright and flawless moral-ethical monotheist is damned to hell if he knows anything about a person named Muḥammad or a religion called Islam and does not join, while even the most brutal and immoral person who converts sincerely to Islam the moment before he dies, is saved". Furthermore, "any Muslim who does not agree is not a Muslim himself."<ref name="Firestone"/>