Editing International Phonetic Alphabet (section)

==== Pulmonic consonants ====
A [[Egressive|pulmonic]] consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the [[glottis]] (the space between the vocal folds) or [[Human mouth|oral cavity]] (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in English fall into this category.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fromkin |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Fromkin |author2=Rodman, Robert |title=An Introduction to Language |orig-year=1974 |year=1998 |publisher=Harcourt Brace College Publishers |location=Fort Worth, TX |edition=6th |isbn=0-03-018682-X |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontola00from_1}}</ref>

The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate [[manner of articulation]], meaning how the consonant is produced, and columns that designate [[place of articulation]], meaning where in the vocal tract the consonant is produced. The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation.
{{IPA pulmonic consonants|caption=|affricates=no|notes=no}}

'''Notes'''
* In rows where some letters appear in pairs (the ''[[obstruent]]s''), the letter to the right represents a [[voiced consonant]], except [[breathy-voiced]] {{IPA|[ɦ]}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|loc=§&nbsp;2.1.}}</ref> In the other rows (the ''[[sonorant]]s''), the single letter represents a voiced consonant.
* While IPA provides a single letter for the coronal places of articulation (for all consonants but fricatives), these do not always have to be used exactly. When dealing with a particular language, the letters may be treated as specifically dental, alveolar, or post-alveolar, as appropriate for that language, without diacritics.
* Shaded areas indicate articulations judged to be impossible.
* The letters {{IPA|[β, ð, ʁ, ʕ, ʢ]}} are canonically voiced fricatives but may be used for approximants.{{NoteTag|"A symbol such as {{IPA|[β]}}, shown on the chart in the position for a voiced bilabial fricative, can also be used to represent a voiced bilabial approximant if needed."<ref>{{harv|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=9}}</ref>}}
* In many languages, such as English, {{IPA|[h]}} and {{IPA|[ɦ]}} are not actually glottal, fricatives, or approximants. Rather, they are bare [[phonation]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|loc=§&nbsp;9.3.}}</ref>
* It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives {{IPA|[ʃ ʒ]}}, {{IPA|[ɕ ʑ]}}, and {{IPA|[ʂ ʐ]}}.
* {{IPA|[ʜ, ʢ]}} are defined as epiglottal fricatives under the "Other symbols" section in the official IPA chart, but they may be treated as trills at the same place of articulation as {{IPA|[ħ, ʕ]}} because trilling of the [[aryepiglottic fold]]s typically co-occurs.<ref>{{harvnb|Esling|2010|pp=688–689}}</ref>
* Some listed phones are not known to exist as [[phoneme]]s in any language.