Editing Intensive farming (section)

=== Environmental impact ===
{{Main|Environmental impact of agriculture}}

Industrial agriculture uses huge amounts of [[water]], [[World energy resources and consumption|energy]],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.ajc.com/opinion/make-farming-energy-efficient-965542.html |last=Moseley |first=W.G. |title=Make farming energy efficient |newspaper=Atlanta Journal-Constitution |date=June 3, 2011 |page=15A |access-date= 2013-11-05 |archive-date= 2012-01-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120128182015/http://www.ajc.com/opinion/make-farming-energy-efficient-965542.html |url-status= live}}</ref> and [[Chemical industry|industrial chemicals]], increasing [[pollution]] in the [[Land pollution|arable land]], [[Water pollution|usable water]], and [[Air pollution|atmosphere]]. [[Herbicide]]s, [[insecticide]]s, and [[fertilizer]]s accumulate in [[Groundwater|ground]] and [[surface water]]s. Industrial agricultural practices are one of the main drivers of [[global warming]], accounting for 14–28% of net [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=IPCC SRCCL |last1=Mbow |first1=C. |last2=Rosenzweig |first2=C. |last3=Barioni |first3=L. G. |last4=Benton |first4=T. |last5=Herrero |first5=M. |last6=Krishnapillai |first6=M. V. |year=2019 |pages=439–442 |chapter=Chapter 5: Food Security |display-authors=4 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/08_Chapter-5.pdf |access-date=2019-12-30 |archive-date=2019-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220131020/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/08_Chapter-5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many of the negative effects of industrial agriculture may emerge at some distance from fields and farms. Nitrogen compounds from the Midwest, for example, travel down the Mississippi to degrade coastal fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico, causing so-called [[oceanic dead zones]].<ref>{{cite web|title= What is a dead zone?|url= http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html|publisher= NOAA|access-date= 18 April 2015|quote= The largest hypoxic zone in the United States, and the second largest hypoxic zone worldwide, forms in the northern Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Mississippi River. This image from a NOAA animation shows how runoff from farms (green areas) and cities (red areas) drains into the Mississippi. This runoff contains an overabundance of nutrients from fertilizers, wastewater treatment plants, and other sources.|archive-date= 27 April 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150427162721/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

Many wild plant and animal species have become extinct on a regional or national scale, and the functioning of agro-ecosystems has been profoundly altered. Agricultural intensification includes a variety of factors, including the loss of landscape elements, increased farm and field sizes, and increase usage of insecticides and herbicides. The large scale of insecticides and herbicides lead to the rapid developing resistance among pests renders herbicides and insecticides increasingly ineffective.<ref>[http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_environment/sustainable_food/costs-and-benefits-of-industrial-agriculture.html Union of Concerned Scientists] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080515062821/http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_environment/sustainable_food/costs-and-benefits-of-industrial-agriculture.html |date= 2008-05-15 }} article ''The Costs and Benefits of Industrial Agriculture'' last updated March 2001.  "Many of the negative effects of industrial agriculture are remote from fields and farms. Nitrogen compounds from the Midwest, for example, travel down the Mississippi to degrade coastal fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. But other adverse effects are showing up within agricultural production systems—for example, the rapidly developing resistance among pests rendering our arsenal of herbicides and insecticides increasingly ineffective."</ref> [[Agrochemical]]s have may be involved in [[colony collapse disorder]], in which the individual members of bee colonies disappear.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Loarie|first1= Greg|title= The Case of the Vanishing Bees|url= http://earthjustice.org/features/the-case-of-the-vanishing-honey-bee|publisher= EarthJustice|access-date= 18 April 2015|date= 2014-05-02|archive-date= 2015-04-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150419032137/http://earthjustice.org/features/the-case-of-the-vanishing-honey-bee|url-status= live}}</ref> (Agricultural production is highly dependent on bees to [[pollinate]] many varieties of fruits and vegetables.)

Intensive farming creates conditions for parasite growth and transmission that are vastly different from what parasites encounter in natural host populations, potentially altering selection on a variety of traits such as life-history traits and virulence. Some recent epidemic outbreaks have highlighted the association with intensive agricultural farming practices. For example the [[infectious salmon anaemia virus|infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus]] is causing significant economic loss for salmon farms. The ISA virus is an orthomyxovirus with two distinct clades, one European and one North American, that diverged before 1900 (Krossøy et al. 2001).<ref name="Krossoy-et-al-2001">{{cite journal | last1=Krossøy | first1=B. | last2=Nilsen | first2=F. | last3=Falk | first3=K. | last4=Endresen | first4=C. | last5=Nylund | first5=A. | title=Phylogenetic analysis of infectious salmon anaemia virus isolates from Norway, Canada and Scotland | journal=[[Diseases of Aquatic Organisms]] | publisher=[[Inter-Research Science Center]] ([[Inter-Research|IR]]) | volume=44 | year=2001 | issue=1 | issn=0177-5103 | doi=10.3354/dao044001 | pages=1–6 | pmid=11253869| doi-access=free | hdl=11250/108366 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> This divergence suggests that an ancestral form of the virus was present in wild salmonids prior to the introduction of cage-cultured salmonids. As the virus spread from vertical transmission (parent to offspring){{clarify|date=March 2022|reason=Part of sentence missing.}}.

Intensive [[monoculture]] increases the risk of failures due to [[Pest (agriculture)|pests]], adverse weather and disease.<ref>For example:{{cite book | last1=Berbee | first1=J. G. | last2=Omuemu | first2=J. O. | last3=Martin | first3=R. R. | last4=Castello | first4=J. D. | chapter=Detection and elimination of viruses in poplars | title=Intensive Plantation Culture: Five Years Research | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4EQuIzbzv4C | series=USDA Forest Service general technical report NC | volume=21 | location=St. Paul, Minnesota | publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station | date=1976 | page=85 | quote=In the north-central States, the intensive culture of certain species and hybrids of poplars presents the greatest opportunity to achieve maximum wood fiber production, provided that adequate provision can be made for control of the many insects and diseases that may attack them. [...] The [...] trend toward monoculture [...] increases the vulnerability of the cropping system to insects and diseases. The greatest potential for insidious disaster due to virus diseases is with monocultures of vegetatively propagated perennial crops.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Mander | first=Jerry | author-link=Jerry Mander | chapter=Industrializing Nature and Agriculture | editor-last=Kimbrell | editor-first=Andrew | editor-link=Andrew Kimbrell | title=The Fatal Harvest Reader: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plTcVDph_SQC | location=Washington | publisher=Island Press | date=2002 | page=89 | isbn=9781597262804 | access-date=30 November 2019 | quote=Industrial monocultures—single crops where there was once diversity, and single varieties of each crop where there used to be thousands—are also blows against biological and genetic diversity. [...] Monocultures are weak, subject to insect blights, diseases, and bad weather.}}</ref>