Editing Information science (section)

===19th century===
[[File:Joseph Marie Jacquard.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Marie Jacquard]]]]
By the 19th century the first signs of information science emerged as separate and distinct from other sciences and social sciences but in conjunction with communication and computation. In 1801, [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]] invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France. It was the first use of "memory storage of patterns" system.<ref>Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service</ref> As chemistry journals emerged throughout the 1820s and 1830s,<ref name="Emard 1976">{{cite journal | last1 = Emard | first1 = J. P. | year = 1976 | title = An information science chronology in perspective | journal = Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science | volume = 2 | issue = 8| pages = 51–56 }}</ref> [[Charles Babbage]] developed his "difference engine", the first step towards the modern computer, in 1822 and his "analytical engine" by 1834. By 1843 [[Richard Hoe]] developed the rotary press, and in 1844 [[Samuel Morse]] sent the first public telegraph message. By 1848 William F. Poole begins the ''Index to Periodical Literature,'' the first general periodical literature index in the US.

In 1854 [[George Boole]] published ''An Investigation into Laws of Thought...,'' which lays the foundations for [[Boolean algebra]], which is later used in [[information retrieval]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = E. S. | year = 1993 | title = On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present | journal = Information Technology and Libraries | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 217–226 }}</ref> In 1860 a congress was held at Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule to discuss the feasibility of establishing a systematic and rational nomenclature for chemistry. The congress did not reach any conclusive results, but several key participants returned home with [[Stanislao Cannizzaro]]'s outline (1858), which ultimately convinces them of the validity of his scheme for calculating atomic weights.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Skolnik | first1 = H | year = 1976 | title = Milestones in chemical information science: Award symposium on contributions of the Division of Chemical Literature (Information) to the Chemical Society | journal = Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences | volume = 16 | issue = 4| pages = 187–193 | doi=10.1021/ci60008a001}}</ref>

By 1865, the [[Smithsonian Institution]] began a catalog of current scientific papers, which became the ''International Catalogue of Scientific Papers'' in 1902.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Adkinson | first1 = B. W. | year = 1976 | title = Federal government's support of information activities: A historical sketch | journal = Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science | volume = 2 | issue = 8| pages = 24–26 }}</ref> The following year the Royal Society began publication of its ''Catalogue of Papers'' in London. In 1868, Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and S. W. Soule produced the [[Sholes and Glidden typewriter|first practical typewriter]]. By 1872 Lord Kelvin devised an analogue computer to predict the tides, and by 1875 [[Frank Stephen Baldwin]] was granted the first US patent for a practical calculating machine that performs four arithmetic functions.<ref name="Emard 1976" /> [[Alexander Graham Bell]] and [[Thomas Edison]] invented the telephone and phonograph in 1876 and 1877 respectively, and the [[American Library Association]] was founded in Philadelphia. In 1879 ''Index Medicus'' was first issued by the Library of the Surgeon General, U.S. Army, with [[John Shaw Billings]] as librarian, and later the library issues ''Index Catalogue,'' which achieved an international reputation as the most complete catalog of medical literature.<ref>Schullian, D. M., & Rogers, F. B. (1958). The National Library of Medicine. I. Library Quarterly, 28(1), 1–17</ref>