Editing Hybrid-propellant rocket (section)

===Commercial companies===
In 1998 [[SpaceDev]] acquired all of the intellectual property, designs, and test results generated by over 200&nbsp;hybrid rocket motor firings by the [[American Rocket Company]] over its eight-year life. [[SpaceShipOne]], the first private crewed spacecraft, was powered by SpaceDev's hybrid rocket motor burning [[HTPB]] with [[nitrous oxide]]. However, [[nitrous oxide]] was the prime substance responsible for the explosion that killed three in the development of [[SpaceShipTwo|the successor of SpaceShipOne]] at [[Scaled Composites]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bianca |last=Bosker |date=30 November 2009 |title=Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo getting ready for test flights ahead of space tourism |website=HuffPost |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/30/virgin-galactic-spaceship_n_373978.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Lucian |last=Dorneanu |title=Spaceship explosion at the Mojave Desert test area kills&nbsp;2 |date=July 27, 2007 |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Spaceship-Test-at-the-Mojave-Desert-Test-Area-Kills-2-61171.shtml}}</ref> The [[Virgin Galactic]] [[SpaceShipTwo]] follow-on commercial suborbital spaceplane uses a scaled-up hybrid motor.

SpaceDev was developing the [[SpaceDev Streaker]], an expendable small launch vehicle, and [[SpaceDev Dream Chaser]], capable of both suborbital and orbital human space flight. Both Streaker and Dream Chaser use hybrid rocket motors that burn [[nitrous oxide]] and the synthetic [[HTPB]] rubber. SpaceDev was acquired by [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]] in 2009, becoming its Space Systems division, which continues to develop Dream Chaser for NASA's [[Commercial Crew Development]] contract. Sierra Nevada also developed [[RocketMotorTwo]], the hybrid engine for [[SpaceShipTwo]]. On October 31, 2014, when [[SpaceShipTwo]] was lost, initial speculation had suggested that its hybrid engine had in fact exploded and killed one test pilot and seriously injured the other. However, investigation data now indicates an early deployment of the SpaceShip-Two feather system was the cause for aerodynamic breakup of the vehicle.<ref>{{cite news |title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo crashes: 1&nbsp;dead, 1&nbsp;injured |publisher=NBC News |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-crashes-1-dead-1-injured-n238376}}</ref>

U.S. Rockets<ref>{{cite web |title=CRR 457mm |url=http://v-serv.com/usr/crr457mm.htm |access-date=January 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194742/http://v-serv.com/usr/crr457mm.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2014 }}</ref> manufactured and deployed hybrids using self-pressurizing [[nitrous oxide]] (N<sub>2</sub>O) and [[hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]] (HTPB) as well as mixed [[High-test peroxide]] (HTP) and [[HTPB]]. The [[High-test peroxide]] (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) 86% and (HTPB) and aluminum hybrids developed by U.S. Rockets produced a sea level delivered specific impulse (I<sub>sp</sub>) of 240, well above the typical 180 of [[nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]]-[[HTPB]] hybrids. In addition to that, they were self-starting, restartable, had considerably lower combustion instability making them suitable for fragile or crewed missions such as Bloodhound SSC, SpaceShipTwo or SpaceShipThree. The company had successfully tested<ref name="USR Hybrid">{{cite AV media |medium=video |title=An 18"&nbsp;diameter self-starting and ending HTP-HTPB hybrid near Garlock, CA |url=http://v-serv.com/usr/motors/images/18in/HTP-HybridFiring01.mov |date=17 October 2009 |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222729/http://v-serv.com/usr/motors/images/18in/HTP-HybridFiring01.mov |url-status=dead }}</ref> and deployed both pressure fed and pump fed versions of the latter [[High-test peroxide|HTP]]-[[HTPB]] style. Deliverables to date have ranged from {{convert|6|to|18|in|cm|adj=on|order=flip}} diameter, and developed units up to {{convert|54|in|cm|adj=on|order=flip}} diameter. The vendor claimed scalability to over {{convert|5|m|in|adj=on}} diameter with regression rates approaching solids, according to literature distributed at the November&nbsp;2013 [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) meeting for XS-1. U.S.&nbsp;Rockets is no longer manufacturing large-scale rockets.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=U.S. Rockets |title=Manufacturing announcement |url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/US-Rockets-219639027743/posts/?ref=page_internal}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2020}}

[[Gilmour Space Technologies]] began testing Hybrid rocket engines in 2015 with both [[nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]] and HP with [[HDPE]] and [[HDPE]]+wax blends. For 2016 testing includes a {{cvt|5000|lbf|N|order=flip}} HP/[[polyethylene|PE]] engine. The company is planning to use hybrids for both [[sounding rocket|sounding]] and orbital rockets.

Orbital Technologies Corporation (Orbitec) has been involved in some U.S. government-funded research on hybrid rockets including the "Vortex Hybrid" concept.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orbitec.com/documents/hybrid_rocket_motor.html |publisher=Orbitec |title=Orbitec Vortex Hybrid Test, with photo |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-date=January 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122153335/http://orbitec.com/documents/hybrid_rocket_motor.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Environmental Aeroscience Corporation (eAc)<ref name="EAC home">{{cite web |title=EAC Company home page |publisher=Environmental Aeroscience Corporation |url=http://www.hybrids.com/ |access-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> was incorporated in 1994 to develop hybrid rocket propulsion systems. It was included in the design competition for the [[SpaceShipOne]] motor but lost the contract to SpaceDev. Environmental Aeroscience Corporation still supplied parts to SpaceDev for the oxidizer fill, vent, and dump system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tier&nbsp;1 |publisher=Environmental Aeroscience Corporation |url=http://www.hybrids.com/tier1.html}}</ref>

[[Rocket Lab]] formerly sold hybrid [[sounding rocket]]s and related technology.

The [[Reaction Research Society]] (RRS), although known primarily for their work with liquid rocket propulsion, has a long history of research and development with hybrid rocket propulsion.

[[Copenhagen Suborbitals]], a Danish rocket group, has designed and test-fired several hybrids using [[nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]] at first and currently [[liquid oxygen|LOX]]. Their fuel is epoxy, [[paraffin wax]], or [[polyurethane]].<ref>{{cite web |title=HEAT booster development and tests, with photos and video |publisher=Copenhagen Suborbitals |url=http://copenhagensuborbitals.com/boosters.php |access-date=3 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527001602/http://www.copenhagensuborbitals.com/boosters.php |archive-date=May 27, 2010 }}</ref> The group eventually moved away from hybrids because of thrust instabilities, and now uses a motor similar to that of the [[V-2 rocket]].

[[TiSPACE]] is a Taiwanese company which is developing a family of hybrid-propellant rockets.<ref name="Taipei Times 2019" >{{cite news |last1=Chia-nan |first1=Lin |title=Firm sets sights on heavens as space industry develops |series=Feature |newspaper=Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/12/15/2003727591 |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

[[bluShift Aerospace]] in [[Brunswick, Maine]], won a [[NASA]] [[Small Business Innovation Research|SBIR]] grant to develop a modular hybrid rocket engine for its proprietary bio-derived fuel in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brogan|first=Beth|date=2019-06-21|title=Brunswick aerospace company lands NASA grant to develop hybrid rocket engine|url=https://bangordailynews.com/2019/06/21/news/brunswick-aerospace-company-lands-nasa-grant-to-develop-hybrid-rocket-engine/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Bangor Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> Having completed the grant bluShift has launched its first sounding rocket using the technology.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Jane|date=2021-02-01|title=Groundbreaking biofuel rocket could be 'Uber for space'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55845762|access-date=2021-02-03|website=BBC News}}</ref>

Vaya Space based out of Cocoa, Florida, is expected to launch its hybrid fuel rocket Dauntless in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-01|title=Space Coast company Rocket Crafters rebrands to Vaya Space and announces bigger rocket|url=https://spaceexplored.com/2021/04/01/space-coast-company-rocket-crafters-rebrands-to-vaya-space-and-announces-bigger-rocket/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Space Explored|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Florida rocket company rebrands, plans bigger rocket|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2021/03/31/Rocket-Crafters-rebrands-Vaya-Space-Sid-Gutierrez/5591617132237/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref>

Reaction Dynamics based out Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, began developing a hybrid rocket engine in 2017 capable of producing 21.6&nbsp;kN of thrust. Their Aurora rocket will use nine engines on the first stage and one engine on the second stage and will be capable of delivering a payload of 50–150&nbsp;kg to LEO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurora {{!}} Reaction Dynamics |url=https://www.reactiondynamics.space/aurora |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.reactiondynamics.space}}</ref> In May 2022, Reaction Dynamics announced they were partnering with [[Maritime Launch Services]] to launch the Aurora rocket from their launch site currently under construction in [[Canso, Nova Scotia]], beginning with suborbital test flights in Summer, 2023 with a target of 2024 for the first orbital launch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-04 |title=All-Canadian Space Launch Solution Plans Inaugural Flight for 2023 |language=en |work=Financial Post |url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/press-releases-pmn/business-wire-news-releases-pmn/all-canadian-space-launch-solution-plans-inaugural-flight-for-2023 |access-date=2022-09-10}}</ref>

In 2017 DeltaV Uzay Teknolojileri A.Ş. was founded by Savunma Sanayi Teknolojileri A.Ş (SSTEK), a state company of Turkey, for hybrid-propellant-rocket research. The company CEO Arif Karabeyoglu is former Consulting Professor of  Stanford University  in the area of rocket propulsion and combustion. According to company web site DeltaV achieved many firsts in hybrid-propellant-rocket technology including first paraffin/LOX dual fuel rocket launch, highest specific impulses for a hybrid-propellant-rocket, first sounding rocket to reach 100 km altittude, first orbital hybrid-propellant-rocket design, first orbital firing of hybrid-propellant-rocket.{{cn|date=July 2024}}