Editing Huguenots (section)

==Exodus==
===The trip===
French protestants reacted differently to persecution and the ban of Protestantism. Some converted to the Catholic faith, while others decided to leave. Some leave their elderly parents or children that are too young to travel. Those who left were from every social class and every profession including lawyers, merchants and officers. They came from all over France. The only common denominator was that they were Protestants, would not convert to Catholicism and were willing to risk it all to practice their religion freely. Those who leave, leave everything including land to be confiscated unless a family who converted to Catholicism inherits and pays the refugees. This last scenario happens very rarely.<ref name="Cadier-Rey">Cadier-Rey, Gabrielle. “L’exode Des Huguenots.” Bulletin de La Société de l’Histoire Du Protestantisme Français (1903-), vol. 133, 1987, pp. 121–24. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24295999. Accessed 24 January 2025.</ref>

40% of the protestants from the Northern part of France leave while 25% of the south do the same. Those closer to the border (both land and sea) as well as where they are a minority in the population of the area leave more: it is the case in the Paris area, Normandie and the Atlantic coast. Farmers often stay attached to the land while craftsman and merchants represent a large group of those who leave. Some temporarily convert to Catholicism to sell their property before leaving. Others leave over-night.<ref name="Foa">Foa, Jérémie. « Le Refuge protestant ». L'Histoire - Les Collections, 2016/4 N° 73, 2016. p.24-29. CAIRN.INFO, shs.cairn.info/magazine-hist-l-hisoire-les-collections-2016-4-page-24?lang=fr.</ref>

Those who leave must rely on guides who know the routes out of France. Most were honest but some sold out their customers to the authorities. Paying for those guides was expensive as they risked being sent to the [[Galley slave|galley]] until 1687 and later [[hanging]]. They traveled by night and often disguised.<ref name="Cadier-Rey" /> Often, the Huguenots purchased paper guides at a very high price. These guides told the reader which cities to go to, where to avoid, who to contact, etc.<ref name="Foa"/>
[[File:Hugo Vogel - Empfang der Refugies (Hugenotten) durch den Großen Kurfürsten im Potsdamer Schloss, 1885.JPG|thumb|Reception of Huguenot refugees by the [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg|Great Elector]] at [[City Palace, Potsdam|Potsdam Palace]], 1685]]
For many, the trip out of the country happens by sea leaving from [[Bordeaux]], [[La Rochelle]], the [[Île de Ré]], [[Nantes]] and other ports along the coast on board English and Dutch ships after they had made their way to the coast using what was available and what could be afforded. Others went by land to the Dutch Republic or Switzerland. Many walk hundreds of miles. The borders with other countries are well guarded, as well as the border between provencies within France and the risk of arrest is a constant fear until they arrive safely. On the way they encounter honest people who help them as well as some who will sell them out or steal their money. Help comes from Protestants and Catholics. The fugitives sometimes must lie about their identity. Entire networks exist to escort them across France and to a safe country. Some fugitives are arrested on the way. For those who make it, they often arrive tired, starving, with nothing to wear and no money to their name.<ref>Didier Boisson, « Le voyage interdit », Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l’Ouest [En ligne], 121-3 | 2014, mis en ligne le 15 novembre 2016, consulté le 22 janvier 2025. URL : http://journals.openedition.org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/abpo/2847 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/abpo.2847</ref>

The details of these trips have been recently discovered through the memoires written by Huguenots for their families. These were written often years later once safely outside of France and published only recently. These include:
* ''Mémoires d’une famille huguenote victime de la révocation de l’édit de Nantes'' by Jacques Fontaine<ref>Fontaine, James, and John Fontaine. Mémoires d’Une Famille Huguenote Victime de La Révocation de l'Édit de Nantes: Souvenirs Du Pasteur Jacques Fontaine, Publiés Pour La Première Fois d’Après Le Manuscrit Original. Société des Livres Religieux, 1887. https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/31339376</ref>
* ''Mémoires'' by Isaac Dumont de Bostaquet<ref>Dumont de Bostaquet, Isaac, and Dianne W. Ressinger. Memoirs of Isaac Dumont of Bostaquet a Gentleman of Normandy: Before and after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2005. https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/65201582</ref>
* ''Mémoires d’un protestant du Vigan des dragonnades au Refuge (1683-1686)'' by Jean Valat<ref>Valat, Jean, et al. Mémoires d’Un Protestant Du Vigan, Des Dragonnades Au Refuge (1683-1686). Les Éditions de Paris, 2011. https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/731328394</ref>
* ''Journal de Jean Migault ou malheurs d’une famille protestante du Poitou victime de la révocation de l’édit de Nantes (1682-1689)'' by Jean Migault<ref>Migault, Jean, and Yves Krumenacker. Das Journal von Jean Migault Leiden Und Flucht Einer Hugenottischen Familie ; (1682 - 1689). Dt. Hugenotten-Ges, 2003. https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/248947616</ref>

===Early emigration to colonies===
{{See also|France Antarctique|French Florida}}
The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Huguenot Refuge |url=https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/le-refuge-huguenot/ |website=Musée protestant |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found {{Lang|fr|[[France Antarctique]]}}. A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day [[Rio de Janeiro]], and settled on a small island. A fort, named [[Fort Coligny]], was built to protect them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian natives. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who captured some of the Huguenots. The Portuguese threatened their Protestant prisoners with death if they did not convert to Roman Catholicism. The Huguenots of Guanabara, as they are now known, produced what is known as the [[Guanabara Confession of Faith]] to explain their beliefs. The Portuguese executed them.

===South Africa===
{{Main|Huguenots in South Africa}}
Huguenots first settled at the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1671; the first documented was the wagonmaker François Vilion ([[Viljoen]]). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was [[Maria van Riebeeck|Maria de la Quellerie]], wife of commander [[Jan van Riebeeck]] (and daughter of a [[Walloon church]] minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today [[Cape Town]]. The couple left for [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] ten years later.

But it was not until 31 December 1687 that the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the [[Dutch East India Company]] post at the Cape of Good Hope.<ref name="FRC-7">{{cite book |last=Botha |first=Colin Graham |title=The French refugees at the Cape |page=7 |url=https://archive.org/stream/frenchrefugeesat00both#page/7/mode/1up |access-date=21 July 2009 }}</ref> The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time.<ref name="FRC-10">{{cite book |last=Botha |first=Colin Graham |title=The French refugees at the Cape |page=10 |url=https://archive.org/stream/frenchrefugeesat00both#page/10/mode/1up |access-date=21 July 2009 }}</ref> Many of these settlers were given land in an area that was later called {{Lang|nl|[[Franschhoek]]}} ([[Dutch language|Dutch]] for 'French Corner'), in the present-day [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa. A large monument to commemorate the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa was inaugurated on 7 April 1948 at Franschhoek. The Huguenot Memorial Museum was also erected there and opened in 1957.

The official policy of the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch East India]] governors was to integrate the Huguenot and the [[Cape Dutch|Dutch communities]]. When Paul Roux, a pastor who arrived with the main group of Huguenots, died in 1724, the Dutch administration, as a special concession, permitted another French cleric to take his place "for the benefit of the elderly who spoke only French".<ref>{{cite book |first=Eric |last=Walker |title=A History of Southern Africa |publisher=Longmans |year=1968 |chapter=Chapter IV – The Diaspora }}</ref> But with [[language shift|assimilation]], within three generations the Huguenots had generally adopted Dutch as their first and home language.

Many of the farms in the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names. Many families, today, mostly [[Afrikaans]]-speaking, have surnames indicating their French Huguenot ancestry. Examples include: Blignaut, Cilliers, Cronje (Cronier), de Klerk (Le Clercq), [[de Villiers]], du Plessis, Du Preez (Des Pres), du Randt (Durand), du Toit, Duvenhage (Du Vinage), Franck, Fouché, Fourie (Fleurit), Gervais, Giliomee (Guilliaume), Gous/Gouws (Gauch), Hugo, Jordaan (Jourdan), [[Joubert]], Kriek, Labuschagne (la Buscagne), [[Leroux (surname)|le Roux]], Lombard, [[Malan (disambiguation)|Malan]], [[Malherbe (surname)|Malherbe]], Marais, Maree, Minnaar (Mesnard), Nel (Nell), Naudé, Nortjé (Nortier), [[Pienaar]] (Pinard), Retief (Retif), Roux, Rossouw ([[Rousseau (surname)|Rousseau]]), Taljaard (Taillard), TerBlanche, Theron, [[Viljoen]] (Vilion) and Visagie (Visage).<ref>{{cite book |title=Ces Français qui ont Fait l'Afrique du Sud |trans-title=The French People Who Made South Africa |author=Bernard Lugan |date=1996 |publisher=C. de Bartillat |isbn=2-84100-086-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cNQ5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA274 |title=The London Quarterly Review |volume=44 |chapter=William Shaw and South Africa |editor1-last=Watkinson |editor1-first=William Lonsdale |editor2-last=Davison |editor2-first=William Theophilus |publisher=J.A. Sharp |page=274 |year=1875 |access-date=7 July 2017 |via=Google Books }}</ref> The [[south African wine|wine industry in South Africa]] owes a significant debt to the Huguenots, some of whom had [[vineyard]]s in France, or were brandy distillers, and used their skills in their new home.

===North America===
{{further|Fort Caroline}}

[[File:Fort caroline.jpg|thumb|Etching of Fort Caroline]]
French Huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer [[Jean Ribault]] led an expedition that explored [[Florida]] and the present-day [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern US]], and founded the outpost of [[Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site|Charlesfort]] on [[Parris Island, South Carolina]]. The French Wars of Religion precluded a return voyage, and the outpost was abandoned. In 1564, Ribault's former lieutenant [[René Goulaine de Laudonnière]] launched a second voyage to build a colony; he established [[Fort Caroline]] in what is now [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. War at home again precluded a resupply mission, and the colony struggled. In 1565 the Spanish decided to enforce their claim to {{Lang|es|[[Spanish Florida|La Florida]]}}, and sent [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], who established the settlement of [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] near Fort Caroline. Menéndez' forces routed the French and executed most of the Protestant captives.

[[File:WalloonMonumentNYC.gif|thumb|left|upright|Walloon Monument in [[The Battery (Manhattan)|Battery Park]], [[Manhattan]], New York City]]
Barred by the government from settling in [[New France]], Huguenots led by [[Jessé de Forest]], sailed to North America in 1624 and settled instead in the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]] (later incorporated into New York and New Jersey); as well as Great Britain's colonies, including [[Nova Scotia]]. A number of New Amsterdam's families were of Huguenot origin, often having emigrated as refugees to the Netherlands in the previous century. In 1628 the Huguenots established a congregation as {{Lang|fr|L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam}} (the French church in New Amsterdam). This parish continues today as {{Lang|fr|L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit}}, now a part of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (Anglican) communion, and welcomes Francophone New Yorkers from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stesprit.org/chronology/|title=Chronology – French Church du Saint-Esprit|language=en-US|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref> Upon their arrival in New Amsterdam, Huguenots were offered land directly across from Manhattan on Long Island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbour at the end of [[Newtown Creek]], becoming the first Europeans to live in [[Brooklyn]], then known as Boschwick, in the neighbourhood now known as [[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]].

[[File:Jean Hasbrouck House.jpg|thumb|[[Jean Hasbrouck House]] (1721) on [[Huguenot Street]] in [[New Paltz (village), New York|New Paltz, New York]]]]

Huguenot immigrants settled throughout pre-colonial America, including in New Amsterdam (New York City), some 21 miles north of New York in a town which they named [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]], and some further upstate in [[New Paltz (village), New York|New Paltz]]. The "[[Huguenot Street Historic District]]" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains one of the oldest streets in the United States of America. A small group of Huguenots also settled on the [[Rossville, Staten Island|south shore]] of [[Staten Island]] along the [[New York Harbor]], for which the current neighbourhood of [[Huguenot, Staten Island|Huguenot]] was named. Huguenot refugees also settled in the [[Delaware Valley|Delaware River Valley]] of Eastern Pennsylvania and Hunterdon County, New Jersey in 1725. [[Frenchtown, New Jersey|Frenchtown]] in New Jersey bears the mark of early settlers.<ref name="Calvin"/>

[[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]], located in the county of [[Westchester, New York|Westchester]] on the north shore of [[Long Island Sound]], seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York. It is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point" after travelling from England where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution, four years before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They purchased from John Pell, Lord of [[Pelham Manor, New York|Pelham Manor]], a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of [[Jacob Leisler]]. It was named New Rochelle after La Rochelle, their former strong-hold in France. A small wooden church was first erected in the community, followed by a second church that was built of stone. Previous to the erection of it, the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on Saturday evening, the distance by the road from New Rochelle to New York, to attend the Sunday service. The church was eventually replaced by a third, [[Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church]], which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the French Huguenot Church {{Lang|fr|Eglise du St. Esperit}} on Pine Street in New York City, which is preserved as a relic in the tower room. The Huguenot cemetery, or the "Huguenot Burial Ground", has since been recognised as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries.

Some Huguenot immigrants settled in central and eastern Pennsylvania. They assimilated with the predominantly [[Pennsylvania Dutch|Pennsylvania German]] settlers of the area.

In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of [[Virginia]], where the King [[William III of England]] had promised them land grants in [[Lower Norfolk County, Virginia|Lower Norfolk County]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KweBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 |title=Westward into Kentucky The Narrative of Daniel Trabue |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |page=160 |date=1981 |access-date=16 July 2019 |isbn=9780813149264 }}</ref> When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned [[Monacan Indian Nation|Monacan]] village known as [[Manakin Town]], now in [[Goochland County]]. Some settlers landed in present-day [[Chesterfield County, Virginia|Chesterfield County]]. On 12 May 1705, the [[Virginia General Assembly]] passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown. Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style; and others moved to different areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whatwehave/notes/rn9_natural1657.pdf |title=Huguenots in Manakintown |publisher=Library of Virginia |access-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217223209/http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whatwehave/notes/rn9_natural1657.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008}}</ref> Gradually they intermarried with their English neighbours. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, descendants of the French migrated west into the Piedmont, and across the [[Appalachian Mountains]] into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states. In the Manakintown area, the [[Huguenot Memorial Bridge]] across the [[James River]] and Huguenot Road were named in their honour, as were many local features, including several schools, including [[Huguenot High School]].

[[File:FrenchProtestantChurch.jpg|left|thumb|[[Huguenot Church|French Huguenot Church]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]]]

In the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. In 1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of [[Pons, Charente-Maritime|Pons]] in France, was among the first to settle there. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. After the Revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]] in 1685, several Huguenots including [[Edmund Bohun]] of Suffolk, England, [[Pierre Bacot]] of Touraine France, [[Jean Postell]] of Dieppe France, [[Alexander Pepin]], [[Antoine Poitevin]] of Orsement France, and [[Jacques de Bordeaux]] of Grenoble, immigrated to the Charleston Orange district. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies, they prospered as slave owners on the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave [[Edmund Bellinger]]. Some of their descendants moved into the Deep South and Texas, where they developed new plantations.

The French [[Huguenot Church]] of Charleston, which remains independent, is the oldest continuously active Huguenot congregation in the United States. {{lang|fr|L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit}} in New York, founded in 1628, is older, but it left the French Reformed movement in 1804 to become part of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]].

Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually affiliated with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities.<ref>Gevinson, Alan. "[http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/23448 Protestant Immigration to Louisiana]". [http://www.teachinghistory.org Teachinghistory.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017043021/http://www.teachinghistory.org/ |date=17 October 2018 }}, accessed 2 September 2011.</ref> Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century. Assimilated, the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life, especially as merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods. For example, [[Eleuthère Irénée du Pont|E.I. du Pont]], a former student of [[Lavoisier]], established the [[Eleutherian Mills|Eleutherian gunpowder mills]].<ref>article on EIDupont says he did not even emigrate to the US and establish the mills until after the French Revolution, so the mills were not operating for theAmerican revolution</ref> [[Howard Hughes]], famed investor, pilot, film director, and philanthropist, was also of Huguenot descent and descendant from Rev. [[John Gano]].

[[Paul Revere]] was descended from Huguenot refugees, as was [[Henry Laurens]], who signed the Articles of Confederation for South Carolina. Other descendants of Huguenots included [[Jack Jouett]], who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn [[Thomas Jefferson]] and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king; Reverend John Gano, a [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] chaplain and spiritual advisor to [[George Washington]]; [[Francis Marion]]; and a number of other leaders of the American Revolution and later statesmen. The last active Huguenot congregation in North America worships in Charleston, South Carolina, at a church that dates to 1844. The Huguenot Society of America maintains the [[Manakin Episcopal Church]] in Virginia as a historic shrine with occasional services. The Society has chapters in numerous states, with the one in Texas being the largest.

After the British [[Conquest of New France (1758–1760)|Conquest of New France]], British authorities in [[Lower Canada]] tried to encourage Huguenot immigration in an attempt to promote a Francophone Protestant Church in the region, hoping that French-speaking Protestants would be more loyal clergy than those of [[Roman Catholicism]]. While a small number of Huguenots did come, the majority switched from speaking French to English. As a result, Protestants are still a religious minority in [[Quebec]] today.<ref>{{cite web|title=Huguenots {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/huguenots|access-date=28 January 2022|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref>

====Spoken language====
The Huguenots originally spoke French on their arrival in the American colonies, but after two or three generations, they had switched to English. They did not promote French-language schools or publications and "lost" their historic identity.<ref>Thera Wijsenbeek, "Identity Lost: Huguenot refugees in the Dutch Republic and its former colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 to 1750: a comparison". ''South African Historical Journal'' 59.1 (2007): 79–102.</ref> In upstate New York they merged with the Dutch Reformed community and switched first to Dutch and then in the early 19th century to English.<ref>Eric J. Roth, "From Protestant International to Hudson Valley Provincial: A Case Study of Language Use and Ethnicity in New Paltz, New York, 1678–1834". ''Hudson River Valley Review'' (2005) 21#2 pp 40–55.</ref> In colonial New York City they switched from French to English or Dutch by 1730.<ref>Joyce D. Goodfriend, "The social dimensions of congregational life in colonial New York city". ''William and Mary Quarterly'' (1989) 48#2: 252–278.</ref>

===Netherlands===
Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the [[Dutch Revolt]] (1568–1609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Early ties were already visible in the {{lang|fr|Apologie}} of [[William the Silent]], [[Historical revision of the Inquisition|condemning the Spanish Inquisition]], which was written by his court minister, the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers. [[Louise de Coligny]], daughter of the murdered Huguenot leader [[Gaspard II de Coligny|Gaspard de Coligny]], married William the Silent, leader of the Dutch (Calvinist) revolt against Spanish (Catholic) rule. As both spoke French in daily life, their court church in the [[Prinsenhof]] in [[Delft]] held services in French. The practice has continued to the present day. The Prinsenhof is one of the 14 active [[Walloon church]]es of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]] (now of the [[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]]). The ties between Huguenots and the Dutch Republic's military and political leadership, the [[House of Orange-Nassau]], which existed since the early days of the Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots in the Dutch Republic's colonies. They settled at the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in South Africa and [[New Netherland]] in North America.

Stadtholder [[William III of England|William III of Orange]], who later became King of England, emerged as the strongest opponent of [[Louis XIV|King Louis XIV]] after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|League of Augsburg]] as a coalition to oppose Louis and the French state. Consequently, many Huguenots considered the wealthy and Calvinist-controlled Dutch Republic, which also happened to lead the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They also found many French-speaking Calvinist churches there (which were called the "[[Walloon church]]es").

After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 pastors. Most came from northern France (Brittany, Normandy, and Picardy), as well as West Flanders (subsequently French Flanders), which had been annexed from the Southern Netherlands by Louis XIV in 1668–78.<ref>{{cite web|title=French Huguenots and their descendants genealogy project|url=https://www.geni.com/projects/French-Huguenots-and-their-descendants/42678|access-date=21 February 2021|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref> Many came from the region of the [[Cévennes]], for instance, the village of [[Fraissinet-de-Lozère]].<ref>Ghislain Baury,[http://sites.google.com/site/dynastierouviere/ ''La dynastie Rouvière de Fraissinet-de-Lozère. Les élites villageoises dans les Cévennes protestantes d'après un fonds d'archives inédit (1403–1908)'', t. 1: ''La chronique'', t. 2: ''L'inventaire''], Sète, Les Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc, 2011.</ref> This was a huge influx as the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to {{circa|2&nbsp;million}} at that time. Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} In 1705, Amsterdam and the area of [[West Frisia]] were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants, followed by the whole Dutch Republic in 1715. Huguenots intermarried with Dutch from the outset.

One of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was [[Pierre Bayle]]. He started teaching in [[Rotterdam]], where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, ''[[Historical and Critical Dictionary]]''. It became one of the 100 foundational texts of the US [[Library of Congress]]. Some Huguenot descendants in the Netherlands may be noted by French family names, although they typically use Dutch given names. Due to the Huguenots' early ties with the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch [[List of Dutch patrician families|patriciate]] are of part-Huguenot descent. Some Huguenot families have kept alive various traditions, such as the celebration and feast of their patron {{lang|fr|[[Saint Nicholas|Saint Nicolas]]}}, similar to the Dutch {{lang|nl|Sint Nicolaas}} ([[Sinterklaas]]) feast.

===Great Britain and Ireland===
====England====
{{See also|History of the Huguenots in Kent}}[[File:huguenot canterbury.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Huguenot weavers' houses at [[Canterbury]]]]
As a major Protestant nation, England patronized and helped protect Huguenots since at least the mid-1500s. Kent hosted the [[History of the Huguenots in Kent|first congregation of Huguenots]] in England in around 1548.<ref>Cross, Francis W. (1898). ''History of the Walloon & Huguenot Church at Canterbury''. Canterbury: Printed for the Huguenot Society of London. p. 3.</ref> During the reign of [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] (1553–1558) they were expelled but, with the accession of [[Elizabeth I]], returned to London in 1559 and Kent in 1561.<ref>Smiles, Samuel (1867). ''The Huguenots: their Settlements, Churches, & Industries in England and Ireland''. London: John Murray, Albermarle Street. p. 104.</ref> An early group of Huguenots settled in [[Colchester]] in 1565.<ref>D.J.B. Trim, . "The Secret War of Elizabeth I: England and the Huguenots during the early Wars of Religion, 1562–77." ''Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' 27.2 (1999): 189–199.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huguenotsofspitalfields.org/learning-modal/colchester.html|title=Colchester|publisher=Huguenots of Spitalfields|access-date=5 April 2021|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323234810/http://huguenotsofspitalfields.org/learning-modal/colchester.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There was a small naval [[Anglo-French War (1627–1629)]], in which the English supported the French Huguenots against King Louis XIII.<ref>G.M.D. Howat, ''Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy'' (1974) p. 156.</ref> London financed the emigration of many to England and its colonies around 1700. Some 40,000–50,000 settled in England, mostly in towns near the sea in the southern districts, with the largest concentration in London where they constituted about 5% of the total population in 1700.<ref>Roy A. Sundstrom, "French Huguenots and the Civil List, 1696–1727: A Study of Alien Assimilation in England." ''Albion'' 8.3 (1976): 219–235.</ref><ref>Robin Gwynn, "The number of Huguenot immigrants in England in the late seventeenth century." ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 9.4 (1983): 384–395.</ref><ref>Robin Gwynn, "England's First Refugees" ''History Today'' (May 1985) 38#5 pp. 22–28.</ref> Many others went to the American colonies, especially [[History of South Carolina|South Carolina]].<ref>Jon Butler, ''The Huguenots in America: A refugee people in New World society'' (1983).</ref><ref>Kurt Gingrich, "'That Will Make Carolina Powerful and Flourishing': Scots and Huguenots in Carolina in the 1680s." ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 110.1/2 (2009): 6–34. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40646895 online]</ref> The immigrants included many skilled craftsmen and entrepreneurs who facilitated the economic modernization of their new home, in an era when economic innovations were transferred by people rather than through printed works. The British government ignored the complaints made by local craftsmen about the favoritism shown to foreigners.<ref>Heinz Schilling,"Innovation through migration: the settlements of Calvinistic Netherlanders in sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Central and Western Europe." ''Histoire Sociale/Social History'' 16.31 (1983). [https://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/download/38252/34652 online]</ref><ref>Mark Greengrass, "Protestant exiles and their assimilation in early modern England." ''Immigrants & Minorities'' 4.3 (1985): 68–81.</ref> The immigrants assimilated well in terms of using English, joining the Church of England, intermarriage and business success. They founded the silk industry in England.<ref>Irene Scouloudi, ed. ''Huguenots in Britain and Their French Background, 1550–1800'' (1987)</ref><ref>Lien Bich Luu, "French-speaking refugees and the foundation of the London silk industry in the 16th century." ''Proceedings-Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' 26 (1997): 564–576.</ref> Many became private tutors, schoolmasters, travelling tutors and owners of riding schools, where they were hired by the upper class.<ref>Michael Green, "Bridging the English Channel: Huguenots in the educational milieu of the English upper class." ''Paedagogica Historica'' 54.4 (2018): 389–409 [https://www.academia.edu/download/55268939/Bridging_the_English_Channel_Huguenots_i.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Both before and after the 1708 passage of the [[Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708|Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act]], an estimated 50,000 Protestant [[Walloons]] and French Huguenots fled to England, with many moving on to Ireland and elsewhere. In relative terms, this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to Britain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12010095 |title=The Huguenots in England |newspaper=The Economist|date= 28 August 2008|access-date=2 August 2010}}</ref> [[Andrew Lortie]] (born André Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London, became known for articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] during Mass.

Of the refugees who arrived on the [[Kent]] coast, many gravitated towards [[Canterbury]], then the county's [[Calvinist]] hub. Many Walloon and Huguenot families were granted [[Right of asylum|asylum]] there. [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] granted them the whole of the western crypt of [[Canterbury Cathedral]] for worship. In 1825, this privilege was reduced to the south aisle and in 1895 to the former [[chantry]] chapel of the [[Edward, the Black Prince|Black Prince]]. Services are still held there in French according to the Reformed tradition every Sunday at 3&nbsp;pm.
[[File:Fruchard.jpg|thumb|Trade card for Philip Fruchard, a Huguenot [[coal merchant]] in London]]
Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where [[weavers' windows]] survive on the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. The Weavers, a [[timber framing|half-timbered]] house by the river, was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830. (It has been adapted as a restaurant—see illustration above. The house derives its name from a weaving school which was moved there in the last years of the 19th century, reviving an earlier use.) Other refugees practiced the variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community as distinct from the indigenous population. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the city.<!-- dead link<ref>[http://www.digiserve.com/peter/weavers.htm "Huguenot Weavers"], Digiserve</ref> --> They also settled elsewhere in Kent, particularly [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]], [[Faversham, Kent|Faversham]] and [[Maidstone]]—towns in which there used to be refugee churches.

The [[French Protestant Church of London]] was established by [[Royal Charter]] in 1550. It is now located at [[Soho Square]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egliseprotestantelondres.org |title=French Protestant Church of London |publisher=Egliseprotestantelondres.org |access-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517081120/http://www.egliseprotestantelondres.org/ |archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> Huguenot refugees flocked to [[Shoreditch]], London. They established a major [[weaving]] industry in and around [[Spitalfields]] (see [[Petticoat Lane]] and the [[Tenterground]]) in East London.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22743 ''Bethnal Green: Settlement and Building to 1836'', A History of the County of Middlesex: Vol. 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 91–95] Date accessed: 21 May 2008</ref> In [[Wandsworth]], their gardening skills benefited the [[Battersea]] market gardens. The flight of Huguenot refugees from [[Tours]], France drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Some of these immigrants moved to [[Norwich]], which had accommodated an earlier settlement of Walloon weavers. The French added to the existing immigrant population, then comprising about a third of the population of the city.
[[File:Rochester Huguenots' Portrait Fenhoulet Family 3590.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Huguenot family in England]]
Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace industry at the time. Although 19th-century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry,<ref name="palliser">{{cite book|last=Palliser|first=Mrs. Bury|author-link=Fanny Bury Palliser|title=History of Lace|url=https://archive.org/details/historylaceillu00pallgoog|year=1865|publisher=Sampson Low, Son and Marston|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/historylaceillu00pallgoog/page/n376 299]|quote=A nest of refugee lace-makers, 'who came out of France by reason of the late "troubles" yet continuing,' were congregated at Dover (1621–22). A list of about twenty-five 'widows being makers of Bone lace is given...'}}</ref><ref name="wright">{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Thomas|title=The Romance of the Lace Pillow|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924014557122|year=1919|publisher=H.H. Armstrong|location=Olney, Bucks|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924014557122/page/n60 37]–38}}</ref> this is contentious.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seguin|first=Joseph|title=La dentelle: Histoire, description fabrication, bibliographie|url=https://archive.org/details/ladentellehistoi00segu|year=1875|location=Paris|page=[https://archive.org/details/ladentellehistoi00segu/page/140 140]|publisher=J. Rothschild|editor=J. Rothschild|language=fr|quote=There is a tradition that the art of bobbin lace was brought to England by the Flemish emigrants who, fleeing from the tyranny of the Duke of Alba, went to settle in England. This tradition is entirely false for the lace industry did not exist in Flanders when the Duke of Alba went there.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Yallop|first=H.J.|title=The History of the Honiton Lace Industry|year=1992|publisher=University of Exeter Press|location=Exeter|isbn=0859893790|page=18}}</ref> The only reference to immigrant lace makers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover,<ref name="palliser" /> and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lace makers in Bedfordshire. The implication that the style of lace known as 'Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot influence, being a "combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground",<ref name="wright" /> is fallacious: what is now known as Mechlin lace did not develop until the first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century, when it was widely copied throughout Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levey|first=Santina|author-link=Santina M. Levey|title=Lace, A History|year=1983|publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum|location=London|isbn=090128615X|page=90|quote=Until the late 18th century, the lace made at Lille was indistinguishable from the other copies of Michelin and Valencienne, but, at that time, it appears to have adopted—along with a number of other centres—the simple twist-net ground of the plainer blonde and thread laces.}}</ref>

Many Huguenots from the [[Lorraine]] region also eventually settled in the area around [[Stourbridge]] in the modern-day [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], where they found the raw materials and fuel to continue their glassmaking tradition. Anglicized names such as Tyzack, Henzey and Tittery are regularly found amongst the early glassmakers, and the region went on to become one of the most important glass regions in the country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Jason|title=Glassmakers of Stourbridge and Dudley 1612–2002|year=2002|publisher=Jason Ellis|location=Harrogate|isbn=1-4010-6799-9}}</ref>

[[Winston Churchill]] was the most prominent Briton of Huguenot descent, deriving from the Huguenots who went to the colonies; his American grandfather was [[Leonard Jerome]].

====Ireland====
[[File:Huguenot Cemetery, Cork.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance to [[Huguenot Cemetery, Cork]] in [[Cork (city)|Cork, Munster]]]]

Following the French crown's revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]], many Huguenots settled in Ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland.<ref>Grace Lawless Lee (2009), ''The Huguenot Settlements in Ireland'', Page 169</ref><ref>Raymond Hylton (2005), ''Ireland's Huguenots and Their Refuge, 1662–1745: An Unlikely Haven'', p. 194, Quote: "The Bishop of Kildare did come to Portarlington to consecrate the churches, backed by two prominent Huguenot Deans of ... Moreton held every advantage and for most of the Portarlington Huguenots there could be no option but acceptance ...</ref><ref>Raymond P. Hylton, "Dublin's Huguenot Community: Trials, Development, and Triumph, 1662–1701", ''Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London'' 24 (1983–1988): 221–231</ref><ref>Raymond P. Hylton, "The Huguenot Settlement at Portarlington, ...</ref><ref>C. E. J. Caldicott, Hugh Gough, Jean-Paul Pittion (1987), ''The Huguenots and Ireland: Anatomy of an Emigration'', Quote: "The Huguenot settlement at Portarlington, 1692–1771. Unique among the French Protestant colonies established or augmented in Ireland following the Treaty of Limerick (1691), the Portarlington settlement was planted on the ashes of an ..."</ref> Huguenot regiments fought for [[William III of England|William of Orange]] in the [[Williamite War in Ireland]], for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles, many settling in [[Dublin]].<ref>[http://www.celticcousins.net/ireland/huguenotpensioners.htm The Irish Pensioners] of [[William III of England|William III]]'s Huguenot Regiments</ref> Significant Huguenot settlements were in [[Dublin]], [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Portarlington, County Laois|Portarlington]], [[Lisburn]], [[Waterford]] and [[Youghal]]. Smaller settlements, which included [[Killeshandra]] in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the [[Irish linen]] industry.

For over 150 years, Huguenots were allowed to hold their services in Lady Chapel in [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St. Patrick's Cathedral]]. A [[Huguenot Cemetery, Dublin|Huguenot cemetery]] is located in the centre of Dublin, off St. Stephen's Green. Prior to its establishment, Huguenots used the [[Cabbage Garden, Dublin|Cabbage Garden]] near the cathedral. Another [[Huguenot Cemetery, Cork|Huguenot cemetery]] is located off French Church Street in Cork.

A number of Huguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries. Numerous signs of Huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use, and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in [[Cork City]]; and [[D'Olier Street]] in Dublin, named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland. A French church in Portarlington dates back to 1696,<ref>[http://www.iol.ie/~offaly/stpauls.htm ''300 years of the French Church''], St. Paul's Church, Portarlington.</ref> and was built to serve the significant new Huguenot community in the town. At the time, they constituted the majority of the townspeople.<ref>[http://www.grantonline.com/grant-family-individuals/blong-george-1790/portarlington/portarlington.htm Portarlington], Grant Family Online</ref>

One of the more notable Huguenot descendants in Ireland was [[Seán Lemass]] (1899–1971), who was appointed as ''[[Taoiseach]]'', serving from 1959 until 1966.

====Scotland====
With the precedent of a historical alliance — the [[Auld Alliance]] — between Scotland and France, Huguenots were mostly welcomed to, and found refuge in the nation from around the year 1700.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kathy Chater|title=Tracing Your Huguenot Ancestors: A Guide for Family Historians|date=2012|publisher=[[Pen & Sword]]|isbn=978-1848846104|quote=Combined with what was called the '[[Auld Alliance]]' between Scotland and France (England's traditional enemy), this meant that French Huguenots found Scotland a welcoming refuge.}}</ref> Although they did not settle in Scotland in such significant numbers as in other regions of Britain and Ireland, Huguenots have been romanticised, and are generally considered to have contributed greatly to Scottish culture.<ref>{{cite journal|title=[[The Scots Magazine]]|publisher=[[DC Thomson]]|edition=Volume 60|quote=Scotland owes a great deal to the Huguenots. They were the flower of France, and the persecution, epitomised by the [[St Bartholomew's Day massacre|massacre of St Bartholomew's Day]], 1572, which drove so many to seek refuge abroad, enriched our nation}}</ref> [[John Arnold Fleming]] wrote extensively of the French Protestant group's impact on the nation in his 1953 ''Huguenot Influence in Scotland'',<ref>{{cite book|author=John Arnold Fleming|author-link=John Arnold Fleming|title=Huguenot influence in Scotland|date=1953|publisher=W. Maclellan}}</ref> while sociologist [[Abraham Lavender]], who has explored how the ethnic group transformed over generations "from Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants", has analyzed how Huguenot adherence to [[Calvinist]] customs helped facilitate compatibility with the Scottish people.<ref>{{cite book|title=French Huguenots: From Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants|author=Abraham Lavender|author-link=Abraham Lavender|date=1989|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|isbn=978-0820411361|quote=In Scotland, the Huguenots 'became part of the warp and woof of the Scottish nation. They followed the tenets of [[John Calvin]] and made their contribution social, religious and commercial' (Reaman 1966; 95).}}</ref>

====Wales====
A number of French Huguenots settled in Wales, in the upper [[Rhymney]] valley of the current [[Caerphilly County Borough]]. The community they created there is still known as ''[[Fleur de Lys]]'' (the symbol of France), an unusual French village name in the heart of the valleys of Wales. Nearby villages are [[Hengoed]], and [[Ystrad Mynach]]. Apart from the French village name and that of the local rugby team, [[Fleur De Lys RFC]], little remains of the French heritage.

===Germany, Poland and Scandinavia===
[[File:Huguenot obelisk.jpg|thumb|upright|Obelisk commemorating the Huguenots in [[Fredericia]], Denmark]]
After the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, some persecuted Huguenots fled to Poland, taking advantage of its religious tolerance confirmed by the [[Warsaw Confederation]], marking the first significant historical wave of [[French people in Poland|French migration to Poland]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Stosunki polsko–francuskie w toku dziejów|language=pl|year=1941|page=3}}</ref>

Around 1685, Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,000 of whom were welcomed in [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], where [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William]] ({{reign | 1640 | 1688}}), granted them special privileges ([[Edict of Potsdam]] of 1685) and churches in which to worship (such as the [[Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermünde]] and the [[French Cathedral, Berlin]]). The Huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army: the Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13 (Regiment on foot Varenne) and 15 (Regiment on foot Wylich). Another 4,000 Huguenots settled in the German territories of [[Baden]], [[Franconia]] ([[Principality of Bayreuth]], [[Principality of Ansbach]]), [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel]], [[Duchy of Württemberg]], in the [[Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts]], in [[Electorate of the Palatinate|the Palatinate]] and [[Palatine Zweibrücken]], in the Rhine-Main-Area ([[Frankfurt]]), in modern-day [[Saarland]]; and 1,500 found refuge in [[Hamburg]], [[Bremen]] and [[Lower Saxony]]. Three hundred refugees were granted asylum at the court of [[George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] in [[Celle]].

[[File:Relief 1885.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|left|Relief by [[Johannes Boese]], 1885: The Great [[Prince-elector]] of Brandenburg-Prussia welcomes arriving Huguenots]]

In Berlin the Huguenots created two new neighborhoods: [[Dorotheenstadt]] and [[Friedrichstadt (Berlin)|Friedrichstadt]]. By 1700 one fifth of the city's population was French-speaking. The Berlin Huguenots preserved the French language in their church services for nearly a century. They ultimately decided to switch to German in protest against the occupation of Prussia by [[Napoleon]] in 1806–07. Many of their descendants rose to positions of prominence. Several congregations were founded throughout Germany and Scandinavia, such as those of [[Fredericia]] (Denmark), Berlin, [[Stockholm]], Hamburg, [[Frankfurt]], Helsinki, and [[Emden]].

[[File:Żołnierza Polskiego Square in Szczecin, May 2023 09.jpg|thumb|Tenements in [[Szczecin]], Poland, built by descendants of French Huguenot immigrants to the city]]
Prince Louis de Condé, along with his sons Daniel and Osias,{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day [[Saarland]] in 1604. The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. The Condés established a thriving glass-making works, which provided wealth to the principality for many years. Other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional Huguenot occupations in France. The community and its congregation remain active to this day, with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region. Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s.

In [[Bad Karlshafen]], Hessen, Germany is the Huguenot Museum and Huguenot archive. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive.

===Effects===
The exodus of Huguenots from France created a [[brain drain]], as many of them had occupied important places in society. The kingdom did not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in [[New France]] may help to explain that colony's low population compared to that of the neighboring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters. By the start of the [[French and Indian War]], the North American front of the [[Seven Years' War]], a sizeable population of Huguenot descent lived in the British colonies, and many participated in the British defeat of New France in 1759–1760.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-5876486_ITM |title=Cooperative religion in Quebec |work=Journal of Ecumenical Studies |publisher=Goliath |date=22 March 2004 |access-date=2 August 2010}}</ref>

[[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]], invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia. Several prominent German military, cultural and political figures were ethnic Huguenot, including the poet [[Theodor Fontane]],<ref>Steinhauer, Harry. ''Twelve German Novellas'', p. 315. University of California Press, 1977. {{ISBN|0-520-03002-8}}</ref> General [[Hermann von François]],<ref>Pawly, Ronald. ''The Kaiser's Warlords'', p. 44. Osprey Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84176-558-9}}</ref> the hero of the [[First World War]]'s [[Battle of Tannenberg]], [[Luftwaffe]] general and [[flying ace|fighter ace]] [[Adolf Galland]],<ref name="Galland 1954, p. vii">Galland 1954, p. vii.</ref> the Luftwaffe flying ace [[Hans-Joachim Marseille]], WWII [[Wehrmacht]] Lieutenant Colonel/[[Inspector General of the Bundeswehr]] [[Ulrich de Maizière]] and the famed [[U-boat]] Captains [[Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière]] and [[Wilhelm Souchon]].<ref>Miller, David. ''U-boats'', p. 12. Brassey's, 2002. {{ISBN|1-57488-463-8}}</ref> Related to Ulrich de Maizière were also the last prime minister of [[East Germany]], [[Lothar de Maizière]]<ref>Leiby, Richard A. ''The Unification of Germany, 1989–1990'', p. 109. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. {{ISBN|0-313-29969-2}}</ref> and the former German [[Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community|Federal Minister of the Interior]], [[Thomas de Maizière]]. A 2014 study in the ''American Economic Review'' linked Huguenot migration to Prussia with a boost in industrial productivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hornung |first=Erik |date=2014 |title=Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: The Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.104.1.84 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=84–122 |doi=10.1257/aer.104.1.84 |issn=0002-8282|hdl=10419/37227 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The persecution and the flight of the Huguenots greatly damaged the reputation of [[Louis XIV]] abroad, particularly in England. Both kingdoms, which had enjoyed peaceful relations until 1685, became bitter enemies and fought each other in a series of wars, called the "[[Second Hundred Years' War]]" by some historians, from 1689 onward.