Editing House of Bonaparte (section)

==DNA research==
According to studies by G. Lucotte and his coauthors based on DNA research since 2011, Napoleon Bonaparte belonged to [[Y chromosome|Y-DNA]] (direct male ancestry) haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M215|E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*)]]. This 15000-year-old haplogroup has its highest concentration in [[Ethiopia]] and in the [[Near East]] ([[Jordan]], [[Yemen]]). According to the authors of the study, "Probably Napoléon also knew his remote oriental patrilineal origins, because Francesco Buonaparte (the Giovanni son), who was a mercenary under the orders of the Genoa Republic in Ajaccio in 1490, was nicknamed ''The [[Moors|Maure]] of [[Sarzana|Sarzane]]''." The latest study identifies the common Bonaparte DNA markers from Carlo (Charles) Bonaparte to 3 living descendants.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jmbr/article/view/10609 |title=Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology Research |volume=1 |number=1 |year=2011 |first1=Gerard |last1=Lucotte |first2=Thierry |last2=Thomasset |first3=Peter |last3=Hrechdakian |doi=10.5539/jmbr.v1n1p12|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=newadv/>

Lucotte et al. published in October 2013 the extended Y-STR of Napoleon I based on descendant testing, and the descendants were E-M34, just like the emperor's beard hair tested a year before. The persons tested were the patrilineal descendants of Jérome Bonaparte, one of Napoleon's brothers, and of [[Alexandre Colonna-Walewski]], Napoleon's illegitimate son with [[Marie Walewska]]. These three tests all yielded the same Y-STR haplotype (109 markers) confirming with 100% certainty that the first Emperor of the French belonged to the M34 branch of haplogroup E1b1b.

STR strongly suggests that the Bonaparte belong to the Y58897 branch, which means that the ancestor 3000 years ago or a bit more lived in Anatolia, but all relatives in the database with a common ancestor with over 1000 years are found in their own the Massa - La Spezia small area in Italy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://forum.molgen.org/index.php/topic,36.msg523207.html?PHPSESSID=9826f55c910747ab9ced1e13d10fb9b1#msg523207 | title=Известные представители гаплогруппы R1b }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y58897/ | title=E-Y58897 YTree }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.igenea.com/en/napoleon | title=The Napoleon DNA project }}</ref> There are at the moment no relatives in the database older than that, which means they are very rare in Europe.