Editing History of Slovenia (section)

===Fascist Italianization of Littoral Slovenes and resistance===
{{See also|TIGR}}
[[File:Treaty of Rapallo.png|thumb|320px|right|The annexed western [[Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)|quarter of Slovene ethnic territory]], and approximately 327,000 out of the total population of 1.3<ref name="SacroEgoismo2012" /> million Slovenes,<ref name="Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations" /> were subjected to forced [[Fascist Italianization]]. On the map of present-day Slovenia with its traditional regions' boundaries.]]

With a secret [[Treaty of London (1915)|Treaty of London]] in 1915, the [[Kingdom of Italy]] was promised large portions of Austrian-Hungarian territory by the [[Triple Entente]], in exchange for joining the Entente against the [[Central Powers]] in [[World War I]]. After the Central Powers were defeated in 1918, Italy went on to annex some of the promised territories, after signing the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|treaty of Rapallo]] with the new [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] in 1920. However, these areas also included a [[Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)|quarter of Slovene ethnic territory]] and approximately 327.000 out of total population of 1.3<ref name="SacroEgoismo2012" /> million Slovenes, were annexed by the [[Kingdom of Italy]]<ref name="Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations" /> The treaty left half a million Slavs (besides Slovenes also Croatians) inside Italy, while only a few hundred Italians in the fledgling Yugoslav state".<ref name="HehnP_Low_Dishonest_Decade">Hehn, Paul N. (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&dq=%22the+treaty+left+half+a+million+Slavs+inside+Italy+while+only+a+few+hundred+Italians&pg=PA45 A Low Dishonest Decade: Italy, the Powers and Eastern Europe, 1918–1939.], Chapter 2, ''Mussolini, Prisoner of the Mediterranean''</ref>

[[Trieste]] was at the end of 19th century de facto the largest Slovene city, having had more [[Slovenes|Slovene]] inhabitants than [[Ljubljana]]. After being ceded from the multi-ethnic Austria, Italian lower middle class—who felt most threatened by the city's Slovene middle class—sought to make Trieste "città italianissima", committing series of attacks, led by [[Black Shirts]], on Slovene shops, libraries, lawyer offices, and the central place of the rival community in ''[[Narodni dom]]''.<ref>Morton, Graeme; R. J. Morris; B. M. A. de Vries (2006).[https://books.google.com/books?id=8vEQg87bUJ0C&dq=89&pg=PA89 Civil Society, Associations, and Urban Places: Class, Nation, and Culture in Nineteenth-century Europe], [[Ashgate Publishing]], UK</ref> Forced [[Italianization]] followed and by the mid-1930s, several thousand Slovenes, especially intellectuals from Trieste region, emigrated to the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] and to [[South America]].

The present-day Slovenian municipalities of [[Idrija]], [[Ajdovščina]], [[Vipava, Slovenia|Vipava]], [[Kanal ob Soči|Kanal]], [[Postojna]], [[Pivka]], and [[Ilirska Bistrica]], were subjected to forced [[Italianization]]. The [[Slovene minority in Italy (1920-1947)]] lacked any minority protection under international or domestic law.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&q=%22signed%20a%20treaty%20on%20November%2012%2C%201920%2C%20at%20Rapallo&pg=PA45 |last=Hehn |first=Paul N. |title=A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941 |year=2005 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |pages=44–45 |isbn=0-8264-1761-2}}</ref> Clashes between the Italian authorities and [[Blackshirts|Fascist squads]] on one side, and the local Slovene population on the other, started as early as 1920, culminating with the burning of the [[Narodni dom (Trieste)|Narodni dom]], the Slovenian National Hall of [[Trieste]]. After all Slovene minority organizations in Italy had been suppressed, the [[militant anti-fascist]] organization [[TIGR]] was formed in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence. The anti-Fascist guerrilla movement continued throughout the late 1920s and 1930s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petzer|first=Tatjana|date=2013|title=The inner orient in Slovene literature|url=https://www.openstarts.units.it/handle/10077/9902|language=en|issn=1592-0291|journal=Slavica Tergestina: European Slavic Studies Journal|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420023408/https://www.openstarts.units.it/handle/10077/9902|archive-date=2018-04-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

When Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania joined the [[Tripartite pact]] in 1940, pressure greatly increased on Yugoslavia to join in as Hitler was trying to protect its southern flank before [[Operation Barbarossa|launching the attack on the Soviet Union]]. The signing of the Treaty of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia with Germany on March 25, 1941, was followed two days later by a coup led by aviation general Dušan Simović. Regent prince Pavel was thrown out and authority was granted to young Peter. General Simović took over the provisional administration of the government. Thus, Yugoslavia did not seem to be reliable anymore to Hitler, and so on April 6, 1941, according to the operation Marita and without a formal declaration of war, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The attack began with the bombing of Belgrade, killing 20,000 people. The resistance of the Yugoslav royal army was only symbolic, as only half of the recruits were able to collect due to slow mobilization, and the military equipment and doctrine of Serbia from the Balkan wars and the First World War were obsolete. Thus, on April 10, German troops have already reached Zagreb and on April 12 Belgrade. The Italian army launched its attack only on April 11, when Hungary joined. At that time, the German army was already in Karlovac. The Italian army split into two parts: it penetrated the part towards both Ljubljana and beyond via Kočevje, and the second part penetrated via Dalmatia. The German army also broke out of Bulgaria and with the mobilized units easily prevented the withdrawal of the Yugoslav army into the Thessaloniki front.

Shortly after the attack, the National People's Council was formed under the leadership of Marko Natlačen, who called for a peaceful handover of weapons and expelled the occupier. After the capitulation of the Yugoslav army, Hungary took over most of Prekmurje. In 1941, five Slovene settlements were established under the authority of NDH: Bregansko selo (now called Slovenska vas), Nova vas near Bregana (now Nova vas near Mokrice), Jesenice in Dolenjska, Obrežje and Čedem. The territory was about 20 square kilometers, with about 800 inhabitants at that time.
The Italians in the beginning held a moderate policy in their occupied territory. In this way, bilingualism coincided, Italian was introduced into schools only as a teaching subject, all non-political, cultural and sports associations allowed it. In the occupied territory, composed of Ljubljana, Notranjska and Dolenjska with approximately 320,000 inhabitants, Italy established the Province of Ljubljana (Italian Provincia di Lubiana). After the first successful rebel actions of the occupants in the occupied territory, the Italian authorities changed the policy and began the program of ethnic cleansing [15]. The execution of this plot led to the expulsion of approximately 35,000 civilians, of whom in the Italian concentration camps, in 1942 and 1943, about 3500 men, women and children died of hunger and disease [16] That this was an attempt to ethnic cleansing, results not only from the very large number of people killed and displaced, but also from the statements and orders of the high Italian officers, and in particular from the content of the notorious 3C circular, signed by General Mario Roatta on March 1, 1942. ]
The German form of occupation was the tiniest of all three, since they banned all Slovenian newspapers, German was introduced into schools as a language, the adults were violently enrolled in the Styrian Homeland Association and the Carinthian People's Union or their armed sections. The official language has also become German. They violently took away 600 children who seemed to satisfy the criteria of the Aryan race and assigned them to the Lebensborn organization, they introduced Nazi laws, and later began to mobilize the military, which was contrary to international law, ...

On April 26, 1941, the Anti-Imperialist Front was set up in Ljubljana (renamed the Liberation Front) in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which began an armed struggle against the occupiers. The founding groups of the Anti-Imperialist Front were: the Communist Party of Slovenia, part of the Christian Socialists, the democratic part of the Liberal Gymnastical Society Sokol and a part of the cultural workers who were unconnected. In memory of this event was determined April 27 as the day of the resistance against the occupier.

In Volkmerjev prehod in Maribor, on April 29, 1941, two anti-German-style young men under the leadership of Bojan Ilich burned two personal cars of the German Civil Administration. This was the first rebuffing anti-occupation campaign in occupied Slovenia, which was born out of a revolt at the trance, which was visited by Hitler during the three days before that of most of the German Germans. Nazi police arrested about 60 young men, but they soon released them because they could not prove their participation in the fire. On June 22, 1941, the main command of the Partisan forces was established and on the same day, the Secrets of the Liberation Movement OF were published. Subsequently, on November 1, 1941, the Basic Points of the OF, whose points 8 and 9 were written under the influence of the Atlantic Charter, were also published. By the signing of the Dolomite Declaration on March 1, 1943, the leading role in the Liberation Front was taken over by the Communist Party of Slovenia, which in the victorious national liberation struggle itself assumed all power.

In 1943, a liberated territory was formed in Kočevje, where the OF organized the Kočevski Choir, in which it elected the highest organ of the Slovenian state, adopted a decision on joining the Primorska Slovenia and elected a delegation for the II. sitting AVNOJ.

At the end of the war, the Slovene Partisan army, together with the Yugoslav Army and the Soviet Red Army, freed the entire Slovenian ethnic territory. The VOS departments under the command of the Communist Party and the Soviet model, after the end of the war, mostly performed post-war extrajudicial killings against civilian and military personnel. Up to 600 graves have been evacuated so far throughout Slovenia.