Editing History of Nepal (section)

== Modern history ==

===Kingdom of Nepal===
{{main|Kingdom of Nepal}}
[[File:Kings Palace Gorkha Nepal.jpg|thumb|250px|The old king's palace on a hill in [[Gorkha district|Gorkha]]]]
After decades of rivalry between the medieval kingdoms, modern [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] was unified in the latter half of the 18th century, when [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], the ruler of the small principality of Gorkha, formed a unified country from a number of independent hill high states. After the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the Shah dynasty began to expand their kingdom into much of the Indian subcontinent. Between 1788 and 1791, during the [[Sino-Nepalese War]], Nepal invaded [[Tibet]] and robbed [[Tashi Lhunpo Monastery|Tashilhunpo Monastery]] in [[Shigatse]]. Alarmed, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] of the Chinese [[Qing dynasty]] appointed [[Fuk'anggan]] commander-in-chief of the Tibetan campaign; Fuk'anggan signed a treaty to protect his troops thus attaining a draw.<ref name="nepalarmythree">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three |title=Nepalese Army &#124; नेपाली सेना |access-date=2017-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102904/http://nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Anglo-Nepal war.jpg|thumb|[[Bhakti Thapa]] leading Gorkha men at [[Anglo-Nepalese War]]]]
After 1800, the heirs of Prithvi Narayan Shah proved unable to maintain firm political control over Nepal. A period of internal turmoil followed. The rivalry between Nepal and the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] over the princely states bordering Nepal and British-India eventually led to the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–16), in which Nepal suffered substantial losses due to lack of guns and ammunitions against the British-Indian forces with advanced weapons. The [[Treaty of Sugauli]] was signed in 1816, ceding large parts of the Nepalese controlled territories to the British. In 1860 some parts of western Terai, known as ''[[Naya Muluk]]'' (new country) was restored to Nepal. The four noble families involved largely in the active politics of the kingdom were the [[Shah dynasty|Shah rulers]], the [[Thapa dynasty|Thapas]], the [[Basnyat family|Basnyats]], and the [[Pande family|Pandes]] before the rise of the [[Rana dynasty]].{{sfn|Joshi|Rose|1966|p=23}} From beginning to the mid of 18th century, the Thapas and Pandes had extreme dominance over Nepalese Darbar politics alternatively contesting for central power amongst each other.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=9}}

====Rana rule====
{{main|Rana dynasty}}
[[Jung Bahadur Rana]] was the first ruler from this dynasty. Rana rulers were titled "''Shree Teen''" and "''Maharaja''", whereas Shah kings were "''Shree Panch''" and "''Maharajadhiraja''". Jung Bahadur codified laws and modernized the state's bureaucracy. In the coup d'état of 1846, the nephews of Jung Bahadur and [[Ranodip Singh Kunwar|Ranodip Singh]] murdered Ranodip Singh and the sons of Jung Bahadur, adopted the name of Jung Bahadur and took control of Nepal. Nine Rana rulers took the hereditary office of Prime Minister. All were styled (self proclaimed) Maharaja of [[Lamjung District|Lamjung]] and [[Kaski District|Kaski]].

The Rana regime, a tightly centralized [[autocracy]], pursued a policy of isolating Nepal from external influences. This policy helped Nepal maintain its independence during the British colonial era, but it also impeded the country's economic development and modernisation. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British and assisted the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and later in both [[World war|World Wars]]. At the same time, despite Chinese claims, the British supported Nepalese independence at the beginning of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite web
  | author = Matteo Miele
  | title = British Diplomatic Views on Nepal and the Final Stage of the Ch'ing Empire (1910–1911)
  | publisher = Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
  | date = 2017
  | url = https://sites.ff.cuni.cz/praguepapers/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2017/09/Matteo_Miele_90-101.pdf
  | pages = 90–101
  | access-date = 2017-10-10
 }}</ref> In December 1923, Britain and Nepal formally signed a "[[Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923|treaty of perpetual peace and friendship]]" superseding the Sugauli Treaty of 1816 and upgrading the British resident in Kathmandu to an envoy.

Slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924 under premiership of [[Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]].<ref>Tucci, Giuseppe. (1952). ''Journey to Mustang, 1952''. Trans. by Diana Fussell. 1st Italian edition, 1953; 1st English edition, 1977. 2nd edition revised, 2003, p. 22. Bibliotheca Himalayica. {{ISBN|99933-0-378-X}} (South Asia); 974-524-024-9 (Outside of South Asia).</ref>

Following the [[German invasion of Poland]], the Kingdom of Nepal [[Nepal in World War II|declared war on Germany]] on 4 September 1939. Once Japan entered the conflict, sixteen battalions of the [[Nepali Army]] fought on the [[Burma campaign|Burmese front]]. In addition to military support, Nepal contributed guns, equipment as well as hundreds of thousand of pounds of tea, sugar and raw materials such as timber to the [[Allies of World War II|Allied war effort]].

====Revolution of 1951====
{{Main|Nepalese democracy movement}}
The [[revolution of 1951]] started when dissatisfaction against the family rule of the Ranas started emerging from among the few educated people, who had studied in various South Asian schools and colleges, and also from within the Ranas, many of whom were marginalized within the ruling Rana hierarchy. Many of these Nepalese in exile had actively taken part in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence struggle]] and wanted to liberate Nepal as well from the autocratic Rana occupation. The political parties such as the [[Nepal Praja Parishad|Praja Parishad]] and [[Nepali Congress]] were already formed in exile by leaders such as [[B. P. Koirala]], [[Ganesh Man Singh]], [[Subarna Shamsher Rana|Subarna Sumsher Rana]], [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]], [[Girija Prasad Koirala]], and many other patriotic-minded Nepalis who urged the military and popular political movement in Nepal to overthrow the autocratic Rana regime. The Nepali Congress also formed a military wing [[Nepali Congress's Liberation Army]]. Among the prominent martyrs to die for the cause, executed at the hands of the Ranas, were [[Dharma Bhakta Mathema]], [[Shukraraj Shastri]], [[Gangalal Shrestha]], and [[Dashrath Chand|Dasharath Chand]] who were the members of the Praja Parisad. This turmoil culminated in [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|King Tribhuvan]], a direct descendant of Prithvi Narayan Shah, fleeing from his "palace prison" in 1950, to India, touching off [[1951 Nepalese revolution|an armed revolt]] against the Rana administration. This eventually ended in the return of the Shah family to power and the appointment of a non-Rana as prime minister following a tri-partite agreement signed called '[[Delhi Accord|Delhi Compromise]]'. A period of quasi-constitutional rule followed, during which the monarch, assisted by the leaders of fledgling political parties, governed the country. During the 1950s, efforts were made to frame a constitution for Nepal that would establish a representative form of government, based on a British model. A 10-member cabinet under Prime Minister [[Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Mohan Shumsher]] with 5 members of the Rana family and 5 of the Nepali Congress was formed. This government drafted a constitution called the 'Interim Government Act' which was the first constitution of Nepal. But this government failed to work in consensus as the Ranas and Congressmen were never on good terms. So, on 16 November 1951, the king formed a new government of 14 ministers under [[Matrika Prasad Koirala]], which was later dissolved.

====Panchayat system====
{{Main|1960 Nepal coup d'état}}
The first democratic elections were held [[1959 Nepalese legislative election|in 1959]], and B. P. Koirala was elected prime minister. But declaring parliamentary democracy a failure, [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra]] carried out a royal coup 18 months later, in 1960. He dismissed the elected Koirala government, declared that a "partyless" system would govern Nepal, and promulgated a new constitution on 16 December 1960. Subsequently, the elected prime minister, members of parliament and hundreds of democratic activists were arrested.

The new constitution established a "partyless" [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat system]] which King Mahendra considered to be a democratic form of government, closer to Nepalese traditions. As a pyramidal structure, progressing from village assemblies to the [[Rastriya Panchayat]], the Panchayat system constitutionalized the absolute power of the monarch and kept the King as head of state with sole authority over all governmental institutions, including the cabinet (council of ministers) and the parliament. One-state-one-language became the national policy in an effort to carry out state unification, uniting various ethnic and regional groups into a singular Nepali nationalist bond. The [[Back to the Village National Campaign|Back to Village Campaign]] ({{Langx|ne|गाउँ फर्क अभियान}}) launched in 1967, was one of the main rural development programs of the Panchayat system.

King Mahendra was succeeded by his 27-year-old son, King [[Birendra of Nepal|Birendra]], in 1972. Amid student demonstrations and anti-regime activities in 1979, King Birendra called for a national referendum to decide on the nature of Nepal's government; either the continuation of the Panchayat system along with democratic reforms or the establishment of a multiparty system. The referendum was held [[1980 Nepalese governmental system referendum|in May 1980]], and the Panchayat system gained a narrow victory. The king carried out the promised reforms, including selection of the prime minister by the Rastriya Panchayat.

====Multiparty democracy====
People in rural areas had expected that their interests would be better represented after the adoption of parliamentary democracy in 1990. The [[Nepali Congress]] with the support of the [[United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)|United Left Front]] decided to launch a decisive agitational movement, the [[1990 Nepalese revolution|Jana Andolan]], which forced the monarchy to accept constitutional reforms and to establish a multiparty parliament. In May 1991, Nepal held its [[1991 Nepalese legislative election|first parliamentary elections in nearly 50 years]]. The Nepali Congress won 110 of the 205 seats and formed the first elected government in 32 years.

In 1992, in a situation of economic crisis and chaos, with spiraling prices as a result of the implementation of changes in policy of the new Congress government, the radical left stepped up their political agitation. A Joint People's Agitation Committee was set up by the various groups.<ref>The organisers of the Committee were the [[Samyukta Janamorcha Nepal]], the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre)]], [[Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (historical)|Communist Party of Nepal (Masal)]], the [[Nepal Communist League]] and the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist)]].</ref> A [[hartal|general strike]] was called for 6 April. Violent incidents began to occur on the eve of the strike. The Joint People's Agitation Committee had called for a 30-minute 'lights out' in the capital, and violence erupted outside [[Bir Hospital]] when activists tried to enforce the 'lights out'. At dawn on 6 April, clashes between strike activists and police, outside a police station in Pulchowk, [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]], which left two activists dead. Later in the day, a mass rally of the Agitation Committee at [[Tundikhel]] in the capital [[Kathmandu]] was attacked by police forces. As a result, riots broke out and the [[Nepal Telecom]]munications building was set on fire; police opened fire at the crowd, killing several persons. The Human Rights Organisation of Nepal estimated that 14 persons, including several onlookers, had been killed in police firing.<ref>Hoftun, Martin, William Raeper and John Whelpton. People, politics and ideology: Democracy and Social Change in Nepal. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, 1999. p. 189</ref>

When promised land reforms failed to appear, people in some districts started to organize to enact their own land reform and to gain some power over their lives in the face of usurious landlords. However, this movement was repressed by the Nepali government, in "[[Operation Romeo (Nepal)|Operation Romeo]]" and "Operation Kilo Sera II", which took the lives of many of the leading activists of the struggle. As a result, many witnesses to this repression became radicalized.

====Nepalese Civil War====
{{Main|Nepalese Civil War}}
In March 1997, the [[Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]] started a bid to replace the parliamentary monarchy with a new people's democratic republic, through a Maoist revolutionary strategy known as the [[people's war]], which led to the [[Nepalese Civil War]]. Led by Dr. [[Baburam Bhattarai]] and [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]] (also known as "Prachanda"), the insurgency began in five districts in Nepal: [[Rolpa District|Rolpa]], [[Rukum]], [[Jajarkot]], [[Gurkha|Gorkha]], and [[Sindhuli]]. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) established a provisional "people's government" at the district level in several locations.

On 1 June 2001, The Massacre known as 'The royal massacre' occurred in the royal palace killing the  [[Birendra of Nepal|King]], [[Queen Aishwarya of Nepal|Queen]], [[Dipendra of Nepal|Prince]] and other people of the family. It is *claimed* that  the Prince massacred the family for some claimed reasons. Since the prince was the one surviving, He was declared king but died 2–3 days later and Prince [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]]  was crowned. Meanwhile, the rebellion escalated, and in October 2002 the king temporarily deposed the government and took complete control of it. A week later he reappointed another government, but the country was still very unstable.

Large parts of Nepal were taken over by the rebellion. The Maoists are driving out representatives of parties close to the government, expropriating local "capitalists" and implementing their own development projects. They also run their own prisons and courts. In addition to coercive measures, the guerrillas are gaining a foothold because of their popularity with large sectors of Nepalese society, particularly women, untouchables and ethnic minorities. Caste discrimination was abolished, women received equal inheritance rights and forced marriages were prohibited. In addition, the Maoists provided free health care and literacy classes.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Social Inequality, Grinding Poverty, State Negligence|url=http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu:81/cgnepal.html|magazine=The Blanket|date=21 March 2004|author=Cédric Gouverneur}}</ref>

[[File:Nepal maoist valley.jpg|thumb|220px|A family in a [[Maoist]]-controlled valley, 2005]]
In the face of unstable governments and a siege on the Kathmandu Valley in August 2004, popular support for the monarchy began to wane. On 1 February 2005, King Gyanendra dismissed the entire government and assumed full executive powers, declaring a [[state of emergency]] to quash the revolution. Politicians were placed under house arrest, phone and internet lines were cut, and freedom of the press was severely curtailed.

The king's new regime made little progress in his stated aim to suppress the insurgents. Municipal elections in February 2006 were described by the European Union as "a backward step for democracy", as the major parties [[election boycott|boycotted the election]] and some candidates were forced to run for office by the army.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1699935,00.html When a king's looking-glass world is paid for in blood]. Guardian. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 8 April 2012.</ref> In April 2006 [[2006 Nepalese revolution|strikes and street protests in Kathmandu]] forced the king to reinstate the parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/nepal/history|title=Nepal travel|access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> A [[Seven Party Alliance|seven-party coalition]] resumed control of the government and stripped the king of most of his powers. On 24 December 2007, seven parties, including the former Maoist rebels and the ruling party, agreed to abolish the monarchy and declare Nepal a federal republic.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080519060621/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/28/nepal.monarchy.ap/ Nepal votes to abolish monarchy]. CNN. 28 December 2007</ref> In the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|elections held on 10 April 2008]], the Maoists secured a simple majority, with the prospect of forming a government to rule the proposed 'Republic of Nepal'.

From 1996 to 2006, the war resulted in approximately 13,000 deaths. According to the NGO Informal Sector Service Centre, 85 per cent of civilian killings are attributable to government actions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insec.org.np/victim/|title = Conflict Victim's Profile}}</ref>

===Republic===
On 28 May 2008, the newly elected [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] declared Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic, abolishing the 240-year-old monarchy. The motion for the abolition of the monarchy was carried by a huge majority: out of 564 members present in the assembly, 560 voted for the motion while 4 members voted against it.<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/may/may28/news18.php Nepalnews.com, news from Nepal as it happens] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160117050801/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/may/may28/news18.php |date= 2016-01-17 }}. Nepalnews.com. 28 May 2008. Retrieved on 2012-04-08.</ref> On 11 June 2008, the deposed King Gyanendra left the palace.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007111955/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jun/jun11/news16.php Ex-King Gyanendra leaves Narayanhiti]. nepalnews.com. 11 June 2008</ref> [[Ram Baran Yadav]] of the Nepali Congress became the first [[President of Nepal|President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] on [[2008 Nepalese presidential election|July 23, 2008]]. Similarly, the Constituent Assembly elected Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]] as the first [[List of prime ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the republic on 15 August 2008, favoring him over [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] of the Nepali Congress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal's former guerrilla chief Prachanda sworn in as PM |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35052320080818 |work=Reuters |date=18 August 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

After failing to draft a constitution before the deadline, the existing Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the government on 28 May 2012 and a new interim government was formed under the premiership of the [[Chief Justice of Nepal]], [[Khil Raj Regmi]]. In the [[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|Constituent Assembly election]] of November 2013, the Nepali Congress won the largest share of the votes but failed to get a majority. The [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|CPN (UML)]] and the Nepali Congress negotiated to form a consensus government, and [[Sushil Koirala]] of the Nepali Congress was elected as prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sushil Koirala wins vote to be Nepal's prime minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26116387 |work=BBC News |date=10 February 2014}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Nepal]] was finally adopted on 20 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why is Nepal's new constitution controversial? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34280015 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2015}}</ref>

On 25 April 2015, [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|a devastating earthquake]] of [[Moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 7.8[[Moment magnitude scale|M<sub>w</sub>]] killed nearly 9,000 people and injured nearly 22,000. It was the worst natural disaster to strike the country since the [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake]]. The earthquake also triggered [[2015 Mount Everest avalanches|an avalanche on Mount Everest]], killing 21. Centuries-old buildings including the UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. [[May 2015 Nepal earthquake|A major aftershock]] occurred on 12 May 2015 at <abbr>12:50 NST</abbr> with a moment magnitude (M<sub>w</sub>) of 7.3, killing more than 200 people and over 2,500 were injured by this aftershock, and many were left homeless. These events led to a [[Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)|major humanitarian crisis]] which affected the reconstruction after the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC） |url=https://www.adrc.asia/acdr/2016/documents/01_Nepal_Nepal%20Earthquake%20ACDR2016.pdf |website=www.adrc.asia}}</ref>

Minority ethnic groups like [[Madhesi people|Madhesi]] and [[Tharu people|Tharu]] protested vigorously against the constitution which came into effect on 20 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2015/09/23/nepals-new-constitution-at-a-glance/|title = Nepal's New Constitution – at a Glance|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date = 23 September 2015|last1 = Pokharel|first1 = Krishna}}</ref> They pointed out that their concerns had not been addressed and there were few explicit protections for their ethnic groups in the document. At least 56 civilians and 11 police died in clashes over the constitution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34280015|title=Why is Nepal's new constitution controversial?|work=BBC News |date=19 September 2015|access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> In response to the Madhesi protests, [[2015 Nepal blockade|India suspended vital supplies to landlocked Nepal]], citing insecurity and violence in border areas.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4158284/nepal-constitution-amendment-madhesi-blockade-india/|title=Nepal Will Amend Constitution to End Border Blockade|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> The then prime minister of Nepal, [[KP Sharma Oli]], publicly accused India for the blockade calling the act more inhumane than war.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-blockade-more-inhuman-than-war-says-Nepal-PM-KP-Sharma-Oli/articleshow/49690974.cms|title=Indian blockade more inhuman than war, says Nepal PM KP Sharma Oli &#124; India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2015 }}</ref> India has denied enacting the blockade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/505354/india-denies-imposing-economic-blockade.html|title = India denies imposing economic blockade on Nepal|date = 9 October 2015}}</ref> The blockade choked imports of not only petroleum, but also medicines and earthquake relief material.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arora|first=Vishal|title=R.I.P., India's Influence in Nepal|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/r-i-p-indias-influence-in-nepal/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The then [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary-General]], [[Ban Ki-moon]], alleged that the denial of petroleum and medicine to Nepal constituted a violation of human rights, adding to the humanitarian crisis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Right to Nepal's Right Path|url=http://www.bbc.com/nepali/news/2015/11/151111_free_transit_unsg|website=BBC News|date=11 November 2015|language=ne}}[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnepali%2Fnews%2F2015%2F11%2F151111_free_transit_unsg Google Translation]</ref>

==== 2017 to present ====

In June 2017, [[Nepali Congress]] leader [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] was elected the 40th Prime Minister of Nepal, succeeding Prime Minister and Chairman of [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]. Deuba had been previously Prime Minister from 1995 to 1997, from 2001 to 2002, and from 2004 to 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/06/06/sher-bahadur-deuba-elected-new-pm-of-nepal|title = Sher Bahadur Deuba elected 40th PM of Nepal}}</ref> In November 2017, Nepal had its [[2017 Nepalese general election|first general election]] since the civil war ended and the monarchy was abolished. The main alternatives were centrist Nepali Congress Party and the alliance of former Maoist rebels and the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|Communist UML]] party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42126210|title = Nepal election: First poll since civil war ended|work = BBC News|date = 26 November 2017}}</ref> The alliance of communists won the election, and UML leader [[Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli]] was sworn in February 2018 as the new Prime Minister. He had previously been Prime Minister since 2015 until 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12511455|title = Nepal country profile|work = BBC News|date = 19 February 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, President [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]], the candidate of the then-ruling Left alliance of the CPN-UML and CPN (Maoist Centre), was re-elected for a second term. The presidential post is mainly ceremonial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bidya Devi Bhandari re-elected as Nepal President |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bidya-devi-bhandari-re-elected-as-nepal-president/article23228780.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 March 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In July 2021, Prime Minister Oli was replaced by [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] after a constitutional crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/nepals-new-pm-wins-confidence-vote-amid-coronavirus-crisis-2021-07-18/|title = Nepal's new PM wins confidence vote amid coronavirus crisis|newspaper = Reuters|date = 18 July 2021|last1 = Sharma|first1 = Gopal}}</ref>

In December 2022, former Maoist guerilla chief, [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]] aka [[Prachanda]], became Nepal's new prime minister after the [[2022 Nepalese general election|general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Rebel Leader Becomes Nepal's New PM |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/former-rebel-leader-becomes-nepal-s-new-pm-/6890926.html |work=VOA |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2023, [[Ram Chandra Poudel|Ram Chandra Paudel]] of Nepali Congress was [[2023 Nepalese presidential election|elected]] as Nepal's third president to succeed Bidya Devi Bhandari.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal elects new president amid split in the governing coalition |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/9/nepal-elects-its-new-president-ram-chandra-paudel |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 15 July 2024, K. P. Sharma Oli was sworn in as Nepali Prime minister for fourth time. New coalition was formed between Nepali Congress, led by Sher Bahadur Deuba, and UML, led by Oli. The party leaders will take turns as prime ministers for 18 months each until the next general elections in 2027.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oli becomes prime minister for fourth time, swearing-in today |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/07/14/president-appoints-kp-sharma-oli-prime-minister |work=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>