Editing Hearing loss (section)

==Epidemiology==
[[File:Hearing loss (adult onset) world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Disability-adjusted life year]] for hearing loss (adult onset) per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004:
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Globally, hearing loss affects about 10% of the population to some degree.<ref name=Oishi2011/> It caused moderate to severe disability in 124.2&nbsp;million people as of 2004 (107.9&nbsp;million of whom are in low and middle income countries).<ref name=WHO2008/> Of these 65&nbsp;million acquired the condition during childhood.<ref name="Peads2011"/> At birth ~3 per 1000 in [[developed countries]] and more than 6 per 1000 in [[developing countries]] have hearing problems.<ref name="Peads2011" />

Hearing loss increases with age. In those between 20 and 35 rates of hearing loss are 3% while in those 44 to 55 it is 11% and in those 65 to 85 it is 43%.<ref name=Las2014/>

A 2017 report by the World Health Organization estimated the costs of unaddressed hearing loss and the cost-effectiveness of interventions, for the health-care sector, for the education sector and as broad societal costs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Global costs of unaddressed hearing loss and cost-effectiveness of interventions: a WHO report|last=World Health Organization|first=WHO|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2017|isbn=978-92-4-151204-6|location=Geneva|pages=5–10}}</ref>  Globally, the annual cost of unaddressed hearing loss was estimated to be in the range of $750–790 billion [[International Dollars|international dollars]].

The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) developed the ISO 1999 standards for the estimation of hearing thresholds and noise-induced hearing impairment.<ref>{{cite book|title=Acoustics – Estimation of noise induced hearing loss |last=ISO|first=International Organization for Standardization|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|year=2013|location=Geneva|page=20}}</ref> They used data from two noise and hearing study databases, one presented by Burns and Robinson (''Hearing and Noise in Industry,'' Her Majesty's Stationery Office,  London, 1970) and by Passchier-Vermeer (1968).<ref>{{cite book|title=Hearing loss due to exposure to steady state broadband noise|last=Passchier-Vermeer|first=W|publisher=TNO, Instituut voor gezondheidstechniek|year=1969|location=Delft, Netherlands|pages=Report 35 Identifier 473589}}</ref> As race are some of the factors that can affect the expected distribution of pure-tone hearing thresholds several other national or regional datasets exist, from Sweden,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johansson M, Arlinger S | title = Reference data for evaluation of occupationally noise-induced hearing loss | journal = Noise & Health | volume = 6 | issue = 24 | pages = 35–41 | date = 2004-07-07 | pmid = 15703139 }}</ref>  Norway,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tambs K, Hoffman HJ, Borchgrevink HM, Holmen J, Engdahl B | title = Hearing loss induced by occupational and impulse noise: results on threshold shifts by frequencies, age and gender from the Nord-Trøndelag Hearing Loss Study | journal = International Journal of Audiology | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 309–317 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16717022 | doi = 10.1080/14992020600582166 | s2cid = 35123521 }}</ref> South Korea,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jun HJ, Hwang SY, Lee SH, Lee JE, Song JJ, Chae S | title = The prevalence of hearing loss in South Korea: data from a population-based study | journal = The Laryngoscope | volume = 125 | issue = 3 | pages = 690–694 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25216153 | doi = 10.1002/lary.24913 | s2cid = 11731976 }}</ref> the United States<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flamme GA, Deiters K, Needham T | title = Distributions of pure-tone hearing threshold levels among adolescents and adults in the United States by gender, ethnicity, and age: Results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | journal = International Journal of Audiology | volume = 50 | pages = S11–20 | date = March 2011 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 21288063 | doi = 10.3109/14992027.2010.540582 | s2cid = 3396617 }}</ref> and Spain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodríguez Valiente A, Roldán Fidalgo A, García Berrocal JR, Ramírez Camacho R | title = Hearing threshold levels for an otologically screened population in Spain | journal = International Journal of Audiology | volume = 54 | issue = 8 | pages = 499–506 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25832123 | doi = 10.3109/14992027.2015.1009643 | s2cid = 143590528 }}</ref>

In the United States hearing is one of the health outcomes measure by the [[National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey]] (NHANES), a [[Statistical survey|survey]] [[research]] program conducted by the [[National Center for Health Statistics]]. It examines [[health]] and [[nutrition]]al status of adults and children in the [[United States]].  Data from the United States in 2011–2012 found that rates of hearing loss has declined among adults aged 20 to 69 years, when compared with the results from an earlier time period (1999–2004). It also found that adult hearing loss is associated with increasing age, sex, ethnicity, educational level, and noise exposure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman HJ, Dobie RA, Losonczy KG, Themann CL, Flamme GA | title = Declining Prevalence of Hearing Loss in US Adults Aged 20 to 69 Years | journal = JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery | volume = 143 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–285 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27978564 | pmc = 5576493 | doi = 10.1001/jamaoto.2016.3527 }}</ref>  Nearly one in four adults had audiometric results suggesting noise-induced hearing loss. Almost one in four adults who reported excellent or good hearing had a similar pattern (5.5% on both sides and 18% on one side). Among people who reported exposure to loud noise at work, almost one third had such changes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carroll YI, Eichwald J, Scinicariello F, Hoffman HJ, Deitchman S, Radke MS, Themann CL, Breysse P | title = Vital Signs: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Among Adults – United States 2011–2012 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 139–144 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28182600 | pmc = 5657963 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6605e3 }}</ref>