Editing Hawaii (section)

===Overthrow of 1893 – Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i (1894–1898)===
{{Main|Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|Provisional Government of Hawaii|Republic of Hawaii}}
{{See also|List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups#Historical – Royalist Organizations (from 1880s)}}The treason trials of 1892 brought together the main players in the 1893 overthrow. American Minister John L. Stevens voiced support for Native Hawaiian revolutionaries; William R. Castle, a Committee of Safety member, served as a defense counsel in the treason trials; Alfred Stedman Hartwell, the 1893 annexation commissioner, led the defense effort; and Sanford B. Dole ruled as a supreme court justice against acts of conspiracy and treason.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kam |first=Ralph Thomas |date=2021 |title=The First Attempt to Overthrow Lili'uokalani |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/840139 |journal=Hawaiian Journal of History |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=41–69 |doi=10.1353/hjh.2021.0001 |s2cid=244912091 |issn=2169-7639}}</ref>[[File:Liliuokalani in 1891.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Liliuokalani|Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani]], the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom|alt=Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani, seated inside {{okina}}Iolani Palace]]

On January 17, 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, aided by the American minister to Hawaii and backed by heavily armed U.S. soldiers and marines, deposed Queen Lili{{Okina}}uokalani and installed a provisional government composed of members of the Committee of Safety.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Digital History |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&amp;psid=1283 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu}}</ref> According to scholar Lydia Kualapai and Hawaii State Representative Roy Takumi, this committee was formed against the will of Indigenous Hawaiian voters, who constituted the majority of voters at the time, and consisted of "thirteen white men" according to scholar J Kehaulani Kauanui.<ref name="KUALAPAI 2005 32–62">{{Cite journal |last=Kualapai |first=Lydia |date=2005 |title=The Queen Writes Back: Lili'uokalani's Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20737264 |journal=Studies in American Indian Literatures |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=32–62 |doi=10.1353/ail.2005.0053 |jstor=20737264 |s2cid=161123895 |issn=0730-3238}}</ref><ref name="Takumi 1994 8–9"/><ref name="Kauanui 2004 145–150"/> The United States Minister to the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] ([[John L. Stevens]]) conspired with U.S. citizens to overthrow the monarchy.<ref name="HIgpo"/> After the overthrow, [[Sanford B. Dole]], a citizen of Hawaii and cousin to James Dole, owner of Hawaiian Fruit Company, a company that benefited from the annexation of Hawaii, became president of the republic when the [[Provisional Government of Hawaii|Provisional Government of Hawai{{okina}}i]] ended on July 4, 1894.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hawkins |first=Richard A. |journal=Hawaiian Journal of History |volume=41 |date=2007 |title=James D. Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company |url=http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/12232 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coulter |first=John Wesley |date=1934 |title=Pineapple Industry in Hawaii |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/140126 |journal=Economic Geography |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=288–296 |doi=10.2307/140126 |jstor=140126 |issn=0013-0095}}</ref>

Controversy ensued in the following years as the queen tried to regain her throne. Scholar Lydia Kualapai writes that Lili{{okina}}uokalani had "yielded under protest not to the counterfeit Provisional Government of Hawaii but to the superior force of the United States of America" and wrote letters of protest to the president requesting a recognizance of allyship and a reinstatement of her sovereignty against the recent actions of the Provisional Government of Hawaii.<ref name="KUALAPAI 2005 32–62"/> Following the January 1893 coup that deposed Lili{{Okina}}uokalani, many royalists were preparing to overthrow the white-led Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i oligarchy. Hundreds of rifles were covertly shipped to Hawaii and hidden in caves nearby. As armed troops came and went, a Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i patrol discovered the rebel group. On January 6, 1895, gunfire began on both sides and later the rebels were surrounded and captured. Over the next 10 days several skirmishes occurred, until the last armed opposition surrendered or were captured. The Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i took 123 troops into custody as prisoners of war. The mass arrest of nearly 300 more men and women, including Queen Lili{{Okina}}uokalani, as political prisoners was intended to incapacitate the political resistance against the ruling oligarchy. In March 1895, a military tribunal convicted 170 prisoners of treason and sentenced six troops to be "hung by the neck" until dead, according to historian Ronald Williams Jr. The other prisoners were variously sentenced to from five to thirty-five years' imprisonment at hard labor, while those convicted of lesser charges received sentences from six months' to six years' imprisonment at hard labor.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Ronald Jr. |date=2021 |title=Incarcerating a Nation: The Arrest and Imprisonment of Political Prisoners by the Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i, 1895 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/840143 |journal=Hawaiian Journal of History |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=167–176 |doi=10.1353/hjh.2021.0005 |s2cid=244913179 |issn=2169-7639}}</ref> The queen was sentenced to five years in prison, but spent eight months under house arrest until she was released on parole.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menton |first=Linda K. |title=A History of Hawaii, Student Book |publisher=Curriculum Research & Development Group |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-937049-94-5 |edition=2nd |location=Honolulu, HI}}</ref> The total number of arrests related to the 1895 Kaua Kūloko was 406 people on a summary list of statistics, published by the government of the Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i.<ref name=":3" />

The administration of President [[Grover Cleveland]] commissioned the [[Blount Report]], which concluded that the removal of Lili{{okina}}uokalani had been illegal. Commissioner Blount found the U.S. and its minister guilty on all counts including the overthrow, the landing of the marines, and the recognition of the provisional government.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last=Trask |first=Haunani-Kay |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824847029/html |title=From a Native Daughter |date=2021-05-25 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |isbn=978-0-8248-4702-9 |doi=10.1515/9780824847029}}</ref> In a message to Congress, Cleveland wrote:<blockquote>And finally, but for the lawless occupation of Honolulu under false pretexts by the United States forces, and but for Minister Stevens' recognition of the provisional government when the United States forces were its sole support and constituted its only military strength, the Queen and her Government would never have yielded to the provisional government, even for a time and for the sole purpose of submitting her case to the enlightened justice of the United States.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> By an act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress, the Government of a feeble but friendly and confiding people has been overthrown. A substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair. The provisional government has not assumed a republican or other constitutional form, but has remained a mere executive council or oligarchy, set up without the assent of the people. It has not sought to find a permanent basis of popular support and has given no evidence of an intention to do so.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /></blockquote>The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused. On December 23, 1893, the response from the Provisional Government of Hawaii, authored by President Sanford B. Dole, was received by Cleveland's representative Minister Albert S. Willis and emphasized that the Provisional Government of Hawaii "unhesitatingly" rejected the demand from the Cleveland Administration.<ref name="KUALAPAI 2005 32–62"/>

Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the [[Morgan Report]], which found all parties, including Minister Stevens—with the exception of the queen—"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.<ref>{{cite book| author=Kuykendall, R.S. |year=1967 |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1874–1893 |location=Honolulu, HI |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |page=648}}</ref> Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.<ref name="Adam"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Kinzer |first=Stephen |title=Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq |url=https://archive.org/details/overthrowamerica00kinz |publisher=Times Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8050-7861-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rush Limbaugh Sounds Off on Akaka Bill |url=http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123 |url-status=live |website=Hawaii Reporter |date=August 18, 2005 |access-date=February 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512101435/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123 |archive-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name="HDAICS">{{cite web |last=Fein |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fein |title=Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand |url=https://www.angelfire.com/hi5/bigfiles3/AkakaHawaiiDividedFeinJune2005.pdf |url-status=live |publisher=[[Grassroot Institute of Hawaii]] |location=Honolulu, HI |date=June 6, 2005 |access-date=May 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205112419/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/file.aspx?Guid=aefef5f6-a533-486a-9459-691138355dd1 |archive-date=February 5, 2007}}</ref>

In 1993, Congress passed a joint [[Apology Resolution]] regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President [[Bill Clinton]]. The resolution apologized and said that the overthrow was illegal in the following phrase: "The Congress—on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i on January 17, 1893, acknowledges the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Hawaiian people."<ref name="HIgpo">{{cite web|title=Public Law 103-150 – November 23, 1993|website=gpo.gov|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407014005/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-date=April 7, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> The Apology Resolution also "acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i or through a plebiscite or referendum".<ref name = "HDAICS"/><ref name="HIgpo"/>