Editing Happiness (section)

===Cultural values===
[[File:A little girl from Namche Bazaar, Nepal, expressing her happiness towards foreign visitors, photographed during the tour to the Mount Everest Base Camp, December 2, 2023.jpg|thumb|200px|A little girl from [[Namche Bazaar]], [[Nepal]], expressing her happiness towards foreign visitors]]
Personal happiness can be affected by [[Culture and positive psychology|cultural factors]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Vignoles | first1=Vivian L. | last2=Owe | first2=Ellinor | last3=Becker | first3=Maja | display-authors=et al | title=Beyond the 'east–west' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood | journal=[[Journal of Experimental Psychology: General]] | publisher=American Psychological Association | volume=145 | issue=8 | year=2016 | issn=1939-2222 | doi=10.1037/xge0000175 | pages=966–1000 | pmid=27359126 | hdl=11693/36711 | s2cid=296518 | url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61523/1/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_lh89_Desktop_Late%20Research%20activity%20sheets_cultural%20models%20of%20selfhood%20accepted%20version%20reformat.pdf | hdl-access=free | access-date=5 August 2024 | archive-date=27 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427020127/http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61523/1/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_lh89_Desktop_Late%20Research%20activity%20sheets_cultural%20models%20of%20selfhood%20accepted%20version%20reformat.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshanloo |first1=Mohsen |title=Eastern Conceptualizations of Happiness: Fundamental Differences with Western Views |journal=Journal of Happiness Studies |date=1 April 2014 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=475–493 |id={{ProQuest|1506708399}} |doi=10.1007/s10902-013-9431-1 |s2cid=144149724 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_cultural_differences_shape_your_happiness|title=How Cultural Differences Shape Your Happiness|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=5 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805023656/https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_cultural_differences_shape_your_happiness|url-status=live}}</ref> Hedonism appears to be more strongly related to happiness in more individualistic cultures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshanloo |first1=Mohsen |last2=Jarden |first2=Aaron |title=Individualism as the moderator of the relationship between hedonism and happiness: A study in 19 nations |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |date=1 May 2016 |volume=94 |pages=149–152 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.025 }}</ref> Forcing people to marry and stay married can have adverse consequences. Research has shown that unhappily married couples suffer 3–25 times the risk of developing clinical depression.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Tatiana D. |last1=Gray |first2=Matt |last2=Hawrilenko |first3=James V. |last3=Cordova |date=2019 |title=Randomized Controlled Trial of the Marriage Checkup: Depression Outcomes |journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=507–522 |doi=10.1111/jmft.12411 |pmid=31584721 |s2cid=203661658 |url=https://arammu.com/assets/research/MC%20Depression%20Outcomes.pdf |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805023655/https://arammu.com/assets/research/MC%20Depression%20Outcomes.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fink |first1=Brandi C. |last2=Shapiro |first2=Alyson F. |date=March 2013 |title=Coping Mediates the Association Between Marital Instability and Depression, but Not Marital Satisfaction and Depression |journal=Couple & Family Psychology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1037/a0031763 |issn=2160-4096 |pmc=4096140 |pmid=25032063}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maria R. Goldfarb & Gilles Trudel |date=2019 |title=Marital quality and depression: a review |journal=Marriage & Family Review |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=737–763 |doi=10.1080/01494929.2019.1610136 |s2cid=165116052 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/01494929.2019.1610136?scroll=top |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212145515/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/01494929.2019.1610136?scroll=top |url-status=live }}</ref>

One theory is that higher [[Subjective well-being|SWB]] in richer countries is related to their more individualistic cultures. Individualistic cultures may satisfy intrinsic motivations to a higher degree than collectivistic cultures, and fulfilling intrinsic motivations, as opposed to extrinsic motivations, may relate to greater levels of happiness, leading to more happiness in individualistic cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahuvia |first=Aaron C. |date=1 March 2002 |title=Individualism/Collectivism and Cultures of Happiness: A Theoretical Conjecture on the Relationship between Consumption, Culture and Subjective Well-Being at the National Level |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015682121103 |journal=Journal of Happiness Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=23–36 |doi=10.1023/A:1015682121103 |hdl=2027.42/43060 |s2cid=145603149 |issn=1573-7780 |hdl-access=free |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805023757/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1015682121103 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cultural views on happiness have changed over time.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://hbr.org/2012/01/the-history-of-happiness|title=The History of Happiness|journal=Harvard Business Review|date=January 2012|last1=Stearns|first1=Peter N.|volume=90|issue=1–2|pages=104–109, 153|pmid=22299510|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031032825/https://hbr.org/2012/01/the-history-of-happiness|url-status=live}}</ref> For instance Western concern about childhood being a time of happiness has occurred only since the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stearns |first1=Peter N. |title=Happy Children: A Modern Emotional Commitment |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=6 September 2019 |volume=10 |pages=2025 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02025 |pmid=31555187 |pmc=6742924 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Not all cultures seek to maximize happiness,<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=Hornsey |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Bain |first2=Paul G. |last3=Harris |first3=Emily A. |last4=Lebedeva |first4=Nadezhda |last5=Kashima |first5=Emiko S. |last6=Guan |first6=Yanjun |last7=González |first7=Roberto |last8=Chen |first8=Sylvia Xiaohua |last9=Blumen |first9=Sheyla |title=How Much Is Enough in a Perfect World? Cultural Variation in Ideal Levels of Happiness, Pleasure, Freedom, Health, Self-Esteem, Longevity, and Intelligence |journal=Psychological Science |date=September 2018 |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=1393–1404 |doi=10.1177/0956797618768058 |pmid=29889603 |s2cid=48355171 |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/24174/1/24174.pdf |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219135001/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/24174/1/24174.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jeanne Tsai" group=nb>See the work of [[Jeanne Tsai]]</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" group=nb>See [[Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness#Meaning of "happiness"]] ref. the meaning of the US Declaration of Independence phrase</ref> and some cultures are averse to happiness.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Joshanloo |first1=Mohsen |last2=Weijers |first2=Dan |title=Aversion to Happiness Across Cultures: A Review of Where and Why People are Averse to Happiness |journal=Journal of Happiness Studies |date=June 2014 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=717–735 |doi=10.1007/s10902-013-9489-9 |s2cid=144425713 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://phys.org/news/2014-03-cultures-differ-happiness-beliefs.html | title=Study sheds light on how cultures differ in their happiness beliefs | access-date=10 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095901/https://phys.org/news/2014-03-cultures-differ-happiness-beliefs.html | archive-date=10 October 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> It has been found in Western cultures that individual happiness is the most important. Some other cultures have opposite views and tend to be aversive to the idea of individual happiness. For example, people living in Eastern Asian cultures focus more on the need for happiness within relationships with others and even find personal happiness to be harmful to fulfilling happy social relationships.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2014-03-cultures-differ-happiness-beliefs.html |title=Study sheds light on how cultures differ in their happiness beliefs |last=Springer |date=17 March 2014 |website=Science X Network |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095901/https://phys.org/news/2014-03-cultures-differ-happiness-beliefs.html |archive-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jeanne Tsai" group=nb /><ref name="autogenerated1" group=nb />