Editing Haemophilia (section)

===Scientific discovery===
The excessive bleeding was known to ancient people. The [[Talmud]] instructs that a boy must not be circumcised if he had two brothers who died due to complications arising from their circumcisions, and [[Maimonides]] says that this excluded paternal half-brothers.<ref>Mishne Torah, laws of circumcision, chapter 1 law 18. It explicitly talks about multiple boys who have the same mother, regardless of whether or not they also have the same father.</ref> This may have been due to a concern about haemophilia.<ref>Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Morbidity". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</ref> The tenth century Arab surgeon [[Al-Zahrawi]] noted cases of excessive bleeding among men in a village. Several similar references to the disease later known as haemophilia appear throughout historical writings, though no term for inherited abnormal bleeding tendencies existed until the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Clinical Manifestations and Therapy of Inherited and Acquired Hemophilia|last1=Tuddenham|first1=EG|last2=Collins|first2=P|last3=Yee|first3=TT|year=2012|title=Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice|isbn=978-1-4511-7769-5|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health|editor-last1=Marder|editor-first1=VJ|editor-first2=WC|editor-last2=Aird|editor-first3=S|editor-last3=Bennett|editor-first4=Sam|editor-last4=Schulman|editor-first5=Gilbert|editor-last5=White}}</ref>

In 1803, [[John Conrad Otto]], a Philadelphian physician, wrote an account about "a hemorrhagic disposition existing in certain families" in which he called the affected males "bleeders".<ref name=nilsson>{{cite journal | author = Nilsson IM | title = Haemophilia—then and now | journal = Sydsvenska Medicinhistoriska Sallskapets Arsskrift | volume = 31 | pages = 33–52 | year = 1994 | pmid = 11640407 }}</ref> He recognised that the disorder was hereditary and that it affected mostly males and was passed down by healthy females. His paper was the second paper to describe important characteristics of an X-linked genetic disorder (the first paper being a description of [[color blindness|colour blindness]] by [[John Dalton]] who studied his own family). Otto was able to trace the disease back to a woman who settled near Plymouth, New Hampshire, in 1720. The idea that affected males could pass the trait onto their unaffected daughters was not described until 1813 when John F. Hay published an account in ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]''.<ref>[http://www.genmedhist.info/Articles%20and%20Papers/ DIGITISED EARLY PAPERS AND BOOKS ON HUMAN AND MEDICAL GENETICS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202446/http://www.genmedhist.info/Articles%20and%20Papers/ |date=21 July 2011 }} Genetics and Medicine Historical Network, Cardiff University.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Hay J|title=Account of a remarkable hæmorrhagic disposition, existing in many individuals of the same family |journal=N Engl J Med Surg|volume=2|issue=3 |pages=221–5|date=July 1813|doi=10.1056/NEJM181307010020302|pmid=30493599 |pmc=5581570 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1620327 }}</ref>

In 1924, a Finnish doctor discovered a hereditary bleeding disorder similar to haemophilia localised in [[Åland]], southwest of Finland.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Haemophilia Special Issue: von Willebrand's Disease: a Report from a Meeting in the Åland Islands|doi=10.1111/hae.2012.18.issue-s6|volume=18|journal=Haemophilia|year = 2012|issue=s6 }}</ref> This bleeding disorder is called [[Von Willebrand factor#History|"Von Willebrand Disease"]].

The term "haemophilia" is derived from the term "haemorrhaphilia" which was used in a description of the condition written by [[Friedrich Hopff]] in 1828, while he was a student at the [[University of Zurich]].<ref name=nilsson/><ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.wfh.org/2/1/1_1_3_HistoryHemophilia.htm|title=The History of hemophilia|access-date=5 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331042700/http://www.wfh.org/2/1/1_1_3_HistoryHemophilia.htm|archive-date=31 March 2009}}</ref> In 1937, Patek and Taylor, two doctors from [[Harvard University]], discovered anti-haemophilic globulin.<ref name=blood>[https://books.google.com/books?id=H85dwxYTKLwC&q=Judah+the+Patriarch+hemophilia+Talmud&pg=RA1-PA1195 Chapter 38 Coagulation Factors V and VIII by GC White and GE Gilbert] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010926/https://books.google.com/books?id=H85dwxYTKLwC&pg=RA1-PA1195 |date=11 September 2017 }} in ''Blood: principles and practice of hematology: 2nd edition''. 2003. Eds. Robert I. Handin, Samuel E. Lux, Thomas P. Stossel. {{ISBN|978-0-7817-1993-3}}.</ref> In 1947, [[Alfredo Pavlovsky]], a doctor from Buenos Aires, found haemophilia A and haemophilia B to be separate diseases by doing a lab test. This test was done by transferring the blood of one haemophiliac to another haemophiliac. The fact that this corrected the clotting problem showed that there was more than one form of haemophilia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schramm |first=Wolfgang |date=2014 |title=The history of haemophilia – a short review |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24513149/#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20haemophilia%20dates,the%20only%20possible%20treatment%20option. |journal=Thrombosis Research |volume=134 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S4–9 |doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2013.10.020 |issn=1879-2472 |pmid=24513149}}</ref>