Editing Hadrian (section)

====Revolt====
A massive anti-Hellenistic and anti-Roman Jewish uprising broke out, led by [[Simon bar Kokhba]].<ref name="Jerome">Chronicle of Jerome, s.v. Hadrian. See: [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm] See also [[Yigael Yadin]] (1971), ''Bar-Kokhba'', New York: Random House, pp. 22, 258.</ref> Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising. It probably began between summer and fall of 132.<ref>Steven T. Katz, ed (1984). ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period''. Cambridge University Press, pp. 11–112, {{ISBN|978-0-521-77248-8}}.</ref>

The Roman governor [[Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)|Tineius (Tynius) Rufus]] asked for an army to crush the resistance; bar Kokhba punished any Jew who refused to join his ranks.<ref name=Jerome/> According to [[Justin Martyr]] and [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], that had to do mostly with Christian converts, who opposed bar Kokhba's messianic claims.<ref>Alexander Zephyr (2013), ''Rabbi Akiva, Bar Kokhba Revolt, and the Ten Tribes of Israel''. Bloomington: iUniverse, {{ISBN|978-1-4917-1256-6}}.</ref>

The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising.<ref name=":0"/> Hadrian called his general [[Sextus Julius Severus]] from [[Roman Britain|Britain]] and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000.<ref>Possibly the [[Legio XXII Deiotariana|XXII Deiotariana]], which according to epigraphy did not outlast Hadrian's reign; see [https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/xxii_deiotariana.html livius.org account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317020539/http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/xxii_deiotariana.html |date=17 March 2015 }}; however, Peter Schäfer, following Bowersock, finds no traces in the written sources of the purported annihilation of Legio XXII. A loss of such magnitude would have surely been mentioned (''Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand'', 14).</ref> Hadrian's report on the war to the [[Roman Senate]] omitted the customary salutation, "If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health."<ref>Cassius Dio 69, 14.3 {{cite book |title= Roman History |quote= Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore Hadrian in writing to the Senate, did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors[...]}}</ref>

The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to [[Cassius Dio]].<ref name=DioRH>''Dio's Roman History'' (trans. Earnest Cary), vol. 8 (books 61–70), London: [[Loeb Classical Library]] 1925, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/448/mode/2up 449]–[https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/450/mode/2up 451].</ref> [[Betar (fortress)|Beitar]], a fortified city {{convert|10|km|mi}} southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three-and-a-half-year siege.<ref name=DRS11>Daniel R. Schwartz, Zeev Weiss, eds. (2011), ''Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple''. Leiden: Brill, {{ISBN|978-90-04-21534-4}}, p. 529, footnote 42.</ref>