Editing HIV (section)

===Discovery===
{{multiple image
 | total_width = 480
 | image1 = Françoise Barré-Sinoussi-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-1.jpg
 | image2 = Gallo, Robert C. (3) (cropped).jpg
 | image3 = Luc Montagnier-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-6.jpg
 | footer = [[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]], [[Robert Gallo]], and [[Luc Montagnier]], co-discoverers of HIV
}}
The first news story on "an exotic new disease" appeared May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper ''[[New York Native]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=On this day|work=[[News & Record]]|date=May 18, 2020|pages = 2A}}</ref>

AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.<ref name=M2010>{{cite book | veditors = Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases |year=2010 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-443-06839-3 |chapter=Chapter 169 |edition=7th}}{{page needed|date=December 2017}}</ref> The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of ''[[Pneumocystis jirovecii|Pneumocystis]]'' pneumonia (PCP or PJP, the latter term recognizing that the causative agent is now called ''Pneumocystis jirovecii''), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.<ref name=MMWR2>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gottlieb MS |title=Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. 1981 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=980–1; discussion 982–3 |year=2006 |pmid=16714472 |pmc=1470612 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.96.6.980 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422042240/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=April 22, 2009 }}</ref> Soon thereafter, researchers at the [[NYU School of Medicine]] studied gay men developing a previously rare skin cancer called [[Kaposi's sarcoma]] (KS).<ref name="pmid7287964">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedman-Kien AE |title=Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=468–71 |date=October 1981 |pmid=7287964 |doi=10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80010-2 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6116083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hymes KB, Cheung T, Greene JB, Prose NS, Marcus A, Ballard H, William DC, Laubenstein LJ |title=Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men — a report of eight cases |journal=The Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8247 |pages=598–600 |date=September 1981 |pmid=6116083 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92740-9 |s2cid=43529542 }}</ref> Many more cases of PJP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Basavapathruni A, Anderson KS |title=Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 pandemic |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=21 |issue=14 |pages=3795–3808 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17639073 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8697rev |doi-access=free |s2cid=24960391 }}</ref> The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Lederberg J |title=Encyclopedia of Microbiology |date=2000 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Burlington |isbn=978-0-08-054848-7 |pages = 106 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhC_nz8eHh0C&pg=PA106 |access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>

In the beginning, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, [[lymphadenopathy]], the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus.<ref name=MMWR1982a>{{cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control |title=Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males |journal=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]] |volume=31 |issue=19 |pages=249–251 |year=1982 |pmid=6808340 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001096.htm }}</ref><ref name="Montagnier">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L |title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=220 |issue=4599 |pages=868–871 |year=1983 |pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 |bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B |s2cid=390173 }}</ref> They also used ''Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections'', the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981.<ref name=MMWR1982b>{{cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control |title=Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=31 |issue=26 |pages=353–354; 360–361 |year=1982 |pmid=6811853 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001123.htm }}</ref> In the general press, the term ''GRID'', which stood for [[gay-related immune deficiency]], had been coined.<ref name=Altman>{{Cite news |author=Altman LK |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html |title=New homosexual disorder worries health officials |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 11, 1982 |access-date=August 31, 2011}}</ref> The CDC, in search of a name and looking at the infected communities, coined "the 4H disease", as it seemed to single out homosexuals, heroin users, [[haemophilia|hemophiliacs]], and [[Haiti]]ans.<ref>{{cite journal |title=AIDS and Syphilis: The Iconography of Disease |journal=October |volume=43 |pages=87–107 | veditors = GilmanSL |year=1987 |jstor=3397566 | vauthors = Gilman SL |doi=10.2307/3397566 }}</ref><ref name=SciRep470b>{{cite web |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |date=July 28, 2006 |url=http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf |title=Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances |access-date=June 23, 2008 |archive-date=June 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the [[gay community]],<ref name=MMWR1982b /> it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and ''AIDS'' was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.<ref name=Kher>{{Cite magazine |author=Kher U | title=A Name for the Plague| magazine=Time | date=July 27, 1982 |url=http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html |access-date=March 10, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015307/http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html| archive-date=March 7, 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref> By September 1982 the CDC started using the name AIDS.<ref name=MMWR1982c>{{cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control |title=Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=31 |issue=37 |pages=507–508; 513–514 |year=1982 |pmid=6815471 }}</ref>

In 1983, two separate research groups led by American [[Robert Gallo]] and French investigators {{lang|fr|[[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]]|italic=no}} and [[Luc Montagnier]] independently declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting AIDS patients, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''.<ref name="Gallo">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Gelmann EP, Robert-Guroff M, Richardson E, Kalyanaraman VS, Mann D, Sidhu GD, Stahl RE, Zolla-Pazner S, Leibowitch J, Popovic M |title=Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=220 |issue=4599 |pages=865–867 |year=1983 |pmid=6601823 |doi=10.1126/science.6601823 |bibcode=1983Sci...220..865G }}</ref><ref name="Montagnier"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/press.html |title=The 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press Release|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref> Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in [[virus structure|shape]] to other [[human T-lymphotropic virus]]es (HTLVs) his group had been the first to isolate. Gallo admitted in 1987 that the virus he claimed to have discovered in 1984 was in reality a virus sent to him from France the year before.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Crewdson J |title=GALLO ADMITS FRENCH DISCOVERED AIDS VIRUS |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-05-30-9102180196-story.html |access-date=25 April 2020 |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=30 May 1991}}</ref> Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a patient presenting with swelling of the [[lymph node]]s of the neck and [[asthenia|physical weakness]], two classic symptoms of primary HIV infection. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007" /> As these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986 LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Aldrich R, Wotherspoon G |title=Who's who in gay and lesbian history |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-22974-6 |pages = 154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KA7_1s6w-QC&pg=PA154 }}</ref>

Another group working contemporaneously with the Montagnier and Gallo groups was that of [[Jay A. Levy]] at the [[University of California, San Francisco]]. He independently discovered the AIDS virus in 1983 and named it the AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Levy JA |display-authors=etal |year=1984 |title=Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS |journal=Science |volume=225 |issue=4664 |pages=840–842 |doi=10.1126/science.6206563 |pmid=6206563 |bibcode=1984Sci...225..840L}}</ref> This virus was very different from the virus reported by the Montagnier and Gallo groups. The ARV strains indicated, for the first time, the heterogeneity of HIV isolates and several of these remain classic examples of the AIDS virus found in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy JA, Kaminsky LS, Morrow WJ, Steimer K, Luciw P, Dina D, Hoxie J, Oshiro L |year=1985 |title=Infection by the retrovirus associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=694–699 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-103-5-694 |pmid=2996401 }}</ref>