Editing Great white shark (section)

====Parasites====
The great white shark is the [[Host (biology)|definitive host]] of two species of [[Cestoda|tapeworms]] from the genus ''[[Clistobothrium]]'', these being ''[[Clistobothrium carcharodoni]]'' and ''[[Clistobothrium tumidum]]'', both of which infect the shark's [[Spiral valve|spiral intestine]].<ref name="Ruhnke1993">{{cite journal|last=Ruhnke|first=Timothy R.|title=A New Species of Clistobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), with an Evaluation of the Systematic Status of the Genus|date=February 1993|journal=[[Journal of Parasitology]]|publisher=[[Allen Press]]|volume=79|number=1|pages=37–43|doi=10.2307/3283274|jstor=3283274|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3283274|access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> The former is believed to be transmitted to great whites through the consumption of infected cetacean prey, namely the [[spinner dolphin]] (''Stenella longirostris''), [[Risso's dolphin]] (''Grampus griseus''), and the [[common bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus''), all of which serve as intermediary or paratenic hosts of the tapeworm.<ref name="Randhawa2011">{{cite journal|last=Randhawa|first=Haseeb S.|title=Insights using a molecular approach into the life cycle of a tapeworm infecting great white sharks|date=1 April 2011|journal=[[Journal of Parasitology]]|publisher=[[Allen Press]]|volume=92|number=2|pages=275–280|doi=10.1645/GE-2530.1|pmid=21506792 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51064300|access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> The latter species of tapeworm's [[Disease vector|transmission vector]] is currently unknown, but it is unlikely to share the same intermediary hosts as ''[[Clisbotherium carcharodoni]]''.<ref name="Caira2020">{{cite journal|last1=Caira|first1=Janine N.|last2=Jensen|first2=Kirsten|last3=Pickering|first3=Maria|last4=Ruhnke|first4=Timothy R.|last5=Gallagher|first5=Kaitlin A.|title=Intrigue surrounding the life-cycles of species of ''Clistobothrium'' (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) parasitising large pelagic sharks|orig-date=4 April 2020|date=7 November 2020|journal=[[International Journal for Parasitology]]|publisher=Elsevier|volume=50|issue=13|pages=1043–1055|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.08.002|doi-access=free|pmid=32979336 }}</ref> The intensity of ''[[Clistobothrium carcharodoni]]'' infestations in affected great whites is extremely high; in one case, up to 2,533 specimens were recovered from the spiral valve of a single great white.<ref name="Randhawa2011"/>

There are two recorded instances of the ectoparasitic [[cookiecutter shark]] ''(Isistius brasiliensis)'' targeting [[wiktionary:subadult|subadult]] great whites off the coast of [[Guadalupe Island]]. However, the relative dearth of predation records indicates that great whites are not a common food source for cookiecutter sharks, and that [[cetaceans]] and [[pinnipeds]] - especially the [[Guadalupe fur seal]] (''Arctocephalus townsendi'') - are preferred over great whites; in part due to the higher caloric content of their [[blubber]], and in part due to the higher risk of retaliation from victimized great whites.<ref name=Hoyos-Padilla2013>{{cite journal|last1=Hoyos-Padilla|first1=Mauricio|last2=Papastamatiou|first2=Yannis P.|last3=O'Sullivan|first3=John|last4=Lowe|first4=Christopher G.|title=Observation of an Attack by a Cookiecutter Shark (''Isistius brasiliensis'') on a White Shark (''Carcharodon carcharias'')|date=1 January 2013|journal=[[Pacific Science]]|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]|volume=67|issue=1|pages=129–134|doi=10.2984/67.1.10|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273689577}}</ref>