Editing Goguryeo (section)

==Military==
{{Main|Military history of Goguryeo}}

Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|year=1984|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674615762|pages=23–24|url={{GBurl|id=g2mdVwXpMzwC|p=23}}|access-date=21 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> Goguryeo has been described as an empire by Korean scholars.<ref>{{cite book|last1=신형식|script-title=ko:高句麗史|date=2003|publisher=Ewha Womans University Press|isbn=978-8973005284|page=56|url={{GBurl|id=1Sg7_rxpT-gC|p=56}}|access-date=12 September 2017|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=이덕일|last2=박찬규|script-title=ko:고구려 는 천자 의 제국 이었다|date=2007|publisher=역사의아침|isbn=978-8995884973|url={{GBurl|id=eGQRAQAAMAAJ}}|access-date=12 September 2017|language=ko}}</ref> Initially, there were four partially autonomous districts based on the cardinal directions, and a central district led by the monarch; however, in the first century the cardinal districts became centralized and administered by the central district, and by the end of the 3rd century, they lost all political and military authority to the monarch.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:고구려 5부 (高句麗 五部)|url=http://contents.koreanhistory.or.kr/id/G0001|website=한국사 콘텐츠|publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]]|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171828/http://contents.koreanhistory.or.kr/id/G0001|archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 4th century, after suffering defeats against the [[Xianbei]] and [[Baekje]] during the reign of [[Gogugwon of Goguryeo|Gogukwon]], [[Sosurim of Goguryeo|Sosurim]] instituted military reforms that paved the way for Gwanggaeto's conquests.<ref name="Sosurim" /><ref name="Lee" /> During its height, Goguryeo was able to mobilize 300,000 troops.<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ko:한국사 전쟁의 기술: 한국사의 판도를 바꿔 놓은 36가지 책략|publisher=Dasan Books|isbn=978-8963704067|page=61|url={{GBurl|id=O8nFAwAAQBAJ|p=61}}|access-date=21 November 2016|language=ko|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|script-title=ko:고구려와 수나라의 전쟁|publisher=ebookspub (이북스펍)|isbn=979-1155191330|page=26|url={{GBurl|id=YCf-AwAAQBAJ|pg=PT26}}|access-date=21 November 2016|language=ko|date=2014-03-07}}</ref> Goguryeo often enlisted semi-nomadic vassals, such as the Mohe people, as foot soldiers.<ref name="Tennant21" /> Every man in Goguryeo was required to serve in the military, or could avoid conscription by paying extra grain tax. A Tang treatise of 668 records a total of 675,000 displaced personnel and 176 military garrisons after the surrender of Bojang.

===Equipment===
{{tone|section|date=October 2014}}
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2014}}
The main projectile weapon used in Goguryeo was the [[Bow and arrow|bow]].<ref name=donga>{{Cite web|url=http://news.donga.com/List/Series_70040100000145/3/70040100000145/20140401/62155239/1|title = &#91;윤명철 교수의 고구려 이야기&#93;보병-기병, 최첨단 무기 무장… 고구려군은 동아시아 최강|date = April 2014}}</ref> The bows were modified to be more composite and increase throwing ability on par with [[crossbow]]s. To a lesser extent, stone-throwing machines and crossbows were also used. Polearms, used against the [[cavalry]] and in open order, were mostly spears. Two types of swords were used by Goguryeo warriors. The first was a shorter double-edged variant mostly used for throwing. The other was longer single-edged sword with minimal hilt and ring pommel, of eastern Han influence. The helmets were similar to helmets used by [[Central Asia]]n peoples, decorated with wings, leathers and horsetails. The shield was the main protection, which covered most of the soldier's body. Goguryeo would likely have been the earliest Korean state to incorporate horses into combat, and artifacts like wall paintings indicate that horses and soldiers alike wore armor.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Farris |first=William Wayne |date=1996 |title=Ancient Japan's Korean Connection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719600 |journal=Korean Studies |volume=20 |pages=9 |issn=0145-840X}}</ref> Scholars and archaeologists posit that contemporary Korean and Japanese adversaries first encountered fortified Goguryeo mounted troops between the fourth and fifth centuries CE.<ref name=":2" /> The cavalry were called ''Gaemamusa'' ({{Korean|hangul=개마무사|hanja=鎧馬武士|labels=no}}), and similar in type to the [[Cataphract]].<ref name=donga/>

====Hwandudaedo====
[[File:Kokuryeo Korean sword Hwando (original Katana).jpg|thumb|Hwandudaedo]]Goguryeo used a sword called [[Hwandudaedo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?VdkVgwKey=12,07760000,11 | script-title=ko:보물 환두대도 (環頭大刀) : 국가문화유산포털 – 문화재청 }}</ref> It looks like the sword drawing in the following picture which is 2000 years old from an old Goguryeo tomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Kokuryeo_Korean_sword_Hwando_%28original_Katana%29.jpg |title=2000 years old Korean Hwando picture}}</ref> As Korean swords changed from Bronze Age to Iron Age, the sword shapes changed. There are many archaeological finds on ancient Korean iron swords particularly the swords with a ring at the end.

===Fortifications===
{{See also|Korean fortress|List of Korean fortresses in China}}

The most common form of the Goguryeo fortress was one made in the shape of the moon, located between a river and its tributary. Ditches and ground walls between the shores formed an extra defense line. The walls were [[Cheolli Jangseong|extensive in their length]], and they were constructed from huge stone blocks fixed with clay, and even Chinese artillery had difficulty to break through them. Walls were surrounded by a ditch to prevent an underground attack, and equipped with guard towers. All fortresses had sources of water and enough equipment for a protracted siege. If rivers and mountains were absent, extra defense lines were added.

===Organization===
Two hunts per year, led by the king himself, maneuvers exercises, hunt-maneuvers and parades were conducted to give the Goguryeo soldier a high level of individual training.

There were five armies in the capital, mostly cavalry that were personally led by the king, numbering approximately 12,500. Military units varied in number from 21,000 to 36,000 soldiers, were located in the provinces, and were led by the governors. Military colonies near the boundaries consisted mostly of soldiers and peasants. There were also private armies held by aristocrats. This system allowed Goguryeo to maintain and utilize an army of 50,000 without added expense, and 300,000 through large mobilization in special cases.

Goguryeo units were divided according to major weapons: spearmen, axemen, archers composed of those on foot and horseback, and heavy cavalry that included armored and heavy spear divisions. Other groups like the catapult units, wall-climbers, and storm units were part of the special units and were added to the common. The advantage of this functional division is highly specialized combat units, while the disadvantage is that it was impossible for one unit to make complex, tactical actions.

===Strategy===
The military formation had the general and his staff with guards in the middle of the army. The archers were defended by axemen. In front of the general were the main infantry forces, and on the flanks were rows of heavy cavalry ready to counterattack in case of a flank attack by the enemy. In the very front and rear was the light cavalry, used for intelligence, pursuit, and for weakening the enemy's strike. Around the main troops were small groups of heavy cavalrymen and infantry. Each unit was prepared to defend the other by providing mutual support.

Goguryeo implemented a strategy of active defense based on cities. Besides the walled cities and fortified camps, this ''active defense'' system used small units of light cavalry to continuously harass the enemy, de-blockade units and strong reserves, consisting of the best soldiers, to strike hard at the end.

Goguryeo also employed military intelligence and special tactics as an important part of the strategy. Goguryeo was good at disinformation, such as sending only stone spearheads as tribute to the Chinese court when they were in the Iron Age. Goguryeo had developed its system of espionage. One of the most famous spies, ''Baekseok'', mentioned in the ''Samguk yusa'', was able to infiltrate the [[Hwarang]]s of Silla.