Editing Glorious Revolution (section)

==Anglo-Dutch alliance==
{{See also|Nine Years' War|War of the Spanish Succession}}
[[File:William III at the Battle of Landen.jpg|270px|thumb|right|William III at the [[Battle of Landen]] in 1693, by [[Ernest Crofts]]]]
Though he had carefully avoided making it public, William's main motive in organising the expedition had been the opportunity to bring England into [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|an alliance]] against France.{{Sfn|Israel|1989|p=37-38}} On 9&nbsp;December 1688 he had already asked the States General to send a delegation of three to negotiate the conditions. On 18 February (Julian calendar) he asked the convention to support the Republic in its war against France. It refused, only consenting to pay £600,000 for the continued presence of the 17,000 Dutch troops in England.{{Sfn|Troost|2001|p=236-237}} On 9 March (Gregorian calendar) the States General responded to Louis's earlier [[Nine Years' War|declaration of war]] by declaring war on France in return.

Before British forces could effectively take part in the war, the English army had to be reorganised. James' commander-in-chief [[Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham|Louis de Duras, Earl of Feversham]], had disbanded the English army in December 1688 so it had to be effectively rebuilt from scratch. Many officers who had supported James' removal were unwilling to continue under his successor, while William was reluctant to trust those who had not already served under him. In addition, according to historian Jonathan Scott: "The state and discipline of the rank and file was 'deplorable'. There was a dire lack of experience and competence at every level."{{Sfn|Scott|2000|p=479}} For the purpose of reforming the English army on the Dutch model William appointed Dutch officers to key positions.{{Sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|p=190}} The English elite also failed to secure the most important governmental posts, while English Secretaries of State primarily served as executors rather than architects of foreign policy. The development of foreign policy was largely directed by William III and [[Anthonie Heinsius]], who assumed the role of Grand Pensionary of Holland following Fagel's death in late 1688. This situation caused considerable resentment in England.{{Sfn|Troost|2005|p=216}}

On 19&nbsp;April (Julian calendar) the Dutch delegation signed a naval treaty with England. It stipulated that the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet would always be commanded by an Englishman, even when of lower rank.{{Sfn|Troost|2001|p=236}} The Dutch agreed to this to make their dominance over the English army more acceptable for the British.{{Sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|p=190}} The treaty also specified that the two parties would contribute in the ratio of five English vessels against three Dutch vessels, meaning in practice that the Dutch navy in the future would be smaller than the English. Something that caused considerable unease in the Dutch Republic.{{Sfn|Troost|2001|p=236}} The [[Navigation Acts]] were not repealed.{{Sfn|Troost|2001|p=236}} On 18 May, the new Parliament allowed William to declare war on France. On 9 September 1689, (Gregorian calendar), William as King of England joined the [[League of Augsburg]] against France.{{Sfn|Troost|2001|p=238}}

===The decline of the Dutch Republic===
[[File:Battle of Vigo bay october 23 1702.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|left|Dutch and English ships at the [[Battle of Vigo Bay]], 1702]]
Having England as an ally meant that the military situation of the Republic was strongly improved, which allowed William to be uncompromising in his position towards France. The Dutch successfully secured and expanded their positions in the Spanish Netherlands, while halting French territorial expansion,{{Sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|p=354}} but these military campaigns were very expensive. In 1712, at the end of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], the Republic was financially exhausted and was forced to let its fleet deteriorate, making what was by then the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] the dominant maritime power of the world.{{Sfn|Vries|Woude|1997|pp=673–687}}

The Dutch economy, already burdened by the high national debt and concomitant high taxation, suffered from the other European states' [[protectionism|protectionist]] policies, which its weakened fleet was no longer able to resist. To make matters worse, the main Dutch trading and banking houses moved much of their activity from Amsterdam to London after 1688. Between 1688 and 1720, world trade dominance shifted from the Republic to Great Britain.{{Sfn|Vries|Woude|1997|pp=673–687}}