Editing Gettysburg Address (section)

==Platform location==
{{Infobox designation list
| embed                   =
| designation1            = Pennsylvania Historical Marker
| designation1_offname    = Gettysburg Address
| designation1_type       = Roadside
| designation1_criteria   =
| designation1_date       = December 12, 1947<ref>{{cite web|title=Gettysburg Address|url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/PHMCWebSearch/ViewMarker.aspx?markerId=784|website=PHMC Historical Markers|access-date=March 27, 2017|archive-date=March 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327173830/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/PHMCWebSearch/ViewMarker.aspx?markerId=784|url-status=live}}</ref>
| delisted1_date          =
| designation1_partof     =
| designation1_number     =
| designation1_free1name  = Location
| designation1_free1value = PA 134 (Taneytown Rd.) at entrance to National Cemetery<br>Baltimore St. (old US 140) & PA 134 at entrance to National Cemetery
}}
[[File:LincolnGett.JPG|thumb|The ''Lincoln Address Memorial'', designed by Louis Henrick, featuring a bust of Lincoln by [[Henry Kirke Bush-Brown]]<!--appears to be by--><!-- rather than his uncle [[Henry Kirke Brown]]-->, erected at the Gettysburg National Cemetery in 1912<ref>{{cite book|last=Einhorn|first=Lois|title=Abraham Lincoln, the orator: penetrating the Lincoln legend|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RB3AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Henry+Bush-Brown%22+lincoln|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1992|isbn=0-313-26168-7|access-date=April 20, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125173219/https://books.google.com/books?id=0RB3AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Henry+Bush-Brown%22+lincoln|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Outside of both entrances to present-day [[Gettysburg National Cemetery]], there are two historical markers, which read:

<blockquote>Nearby, Nov. 19, 1863, in dedicating the National Cemetery, Abraham Lincoln gave the address which he had written in Washington and revised after his arrival at Gettysburg the evening of November 18.<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=Gettysburg Address Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=8025|access-date=June 11, 2012|archive-date=April 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403143639/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=8025|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=Gettysburg Address Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=15129|access-date=May 30, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></blockquote>

Directly inside the Taneytown Road entrance are the Lincoln Address Memorial and [[Gettysburg Rostrum]], where five U.S. Presidents have spoken. Lincoln, however, was not one of them, and a small metal sign near the speech memorial stirs remains somewhat controversial, reading:

<blockquote>The Address was delivered about 300 yards from this spot along the upper Cemetery drive. The site is now marked by the Soldiers' National Monument.<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=Lincoln Speech Memorial Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=90763|access-date=May 30, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709111230/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=90763|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>

Holding title as the "traditional site", the [[Soldiers' National Monument]] has been challenged by platform occupants in the distant past and by more recent photographic analyses. Based upon a pair of photographic analyses, the Gettysburg National Military Park has placed a marker near [https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B049'11.9%22N+77%C2%B013'50.4%22W/@39.819983,-77.230667,436m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d39.819983!4d-77.230667?hl=en 39°49.199′N 77°13.840′W], which states, "The location [of the platform] was never marked, but is believed to be in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]], on the other side of the iron fence."<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=A Few Appropriate Remarks Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=165776|access-date=May 30, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

This newer marker stands faces the fence, which separates the two adjacent cemeteries, the public Gettysburg National Cemetery and private Evergreen Cemetery. A second endorsement of this as the "traditional site," a bronze marker placed by Lincoln's native Kentucky section of the cemetery is nearby.<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=Kentucky Memorial Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=16865|access-date=June 11, 2012|archive-date=November 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110041015/http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=16865|url-status=live}}</ref>

Absent an original and enduring marker, however, the location of the platform has largely been left up to interpretation. Brian Kennell, superintendent of Evergreen Cemetery,  endorses the location identified in the photographic evidence as the location where Lincoln stood as he delivered the Gettysburg Address.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennell |first1=Brian |title=Beyond the Gatehouse |date=2000 |publisher=The Evergreen Cemetery Association |location=Gettysburg, PA |isbn=0-9664772-0-0 |page=42}}</ref>

===Pre-modern===
[[File:Gettysburg address 1863-11-19 looking ne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|This photograph, taken the day of the Gettysburg Address, is suggested to rule out Soldiers' National Monument as the location for the speaker's platform the day of the address.]]
Colonel W. Yates Selleck, a marshal in the parade on [[Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg|Consecration Day]], was seated on the platform when Lincoln gave the address.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection|title=Lincoln at Gettysburg; Told by Eye Witness|url=https://archive.org/download/lincolnsg00linc/lincolnsg00linc.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013113259/http://archive.org/download/lincolnsg00linc/lincolnsg00linc.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-13 |url-status=live|access-date=June 13, 2012}}</ref> Selleck marked a map with the position of the platform and described it as "{{convert|350|ft|m|disp=sqbr}} almost due north of Soldiers' National Monument, {{convert|40|ft|m|disp=sqbr}} from a point in the outer circle of lots where [the] Michigan and New York [burial sections] are separated by a path".<ref>{{cite news|last=Lincoln National Life Insurance Company|title=Dispute Over Exact Location Where Lincoln's Speech Was Made of Great Interest To Many Gettysburg Visitors|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19691125&id=UE5AAAAAIBAJ&pg=1170,3493526|newspaper=Gettysburg Times|date=November 25, 1969|pages=7–9|access-date=October 17, 2020|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204145737/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19691125&id=UE5AAAAAIBAJ&pg=1170,3493526|url-status=live}}</ref> A location which approximates this description is [https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B049'14.6%22N+77%C2%B013'52.1%22W/@39.8202202,-77.2315577,168m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d39.8207167!4d-77.23115?hl=en 39°49.243′N, 77°13.869′W].

In 1973, retired park historian Frederick Tilberg concluded the Selleck Site is {{convert|25|ft|m}} lower than the crest of Cemetery Hill, and that only the crest presents a panoramic view of the battlefield. A spectacular view from the location of the speech was noted by many eyewitnesses, is consistent with the traditional site at the [[Soldiers' National Monument]] and other sites on the crest, but is inconsistent with the Selleck Site.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pergus Project|title=Gettysburg Address|url=http://pergusproject.wordpress.com/tag/gettysburg-address/|access-date=June 11, 2012|archive-date=April 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418143406/https://pergusproject.wordpress.com/tag/gettysburg-address/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tilberg|first=Frederick|title=The Location of the Platform From Which Lincoln Delivered the Gettysburg Address|url=http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.ph/1141406190|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212154705/http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.ph/1141406190|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 12, 2012|work=Pennsylvania History, Vol XL, No. 2|publisher=The Pennsylvania Historical Association|access-date=June 13, 2012|pages=179–191}}</ref>

The Kentucky Memorial, erected in 1975, is directly adjacent to the [[Soldiers' National Monument]], and states, "Kentucky honors her son, Abraham Lincoln, who delivered his immortal address at the site now marked by the soldiers' monument." With its position at the center of the concentric rings of soldiers' graves and the continuing endorsement of Lincoln's native state the [[Soldiers' National Monument]] persists as a credible location for the speech.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Library of Congress |title=The 1869 Soldiers' National Monument at Gettysburg National Cemetery |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2019690792/ |publisher=United States of America |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Groundspeak |title=Soldiers' National Monument – Gettysburg, PA |url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMEDK7_Soldiers_National_Monument_Gettysburg_PA |website=Waymarking |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Brian |title=Lincoln Address Memorial |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=90763 |website=The Historical Marker Database |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

In November 1863, in a written description of the layout for the Gettysburg National Cemetery, which was then under construction, a correspondent from the ''Cincinnati Daily Commercial'' described the dividing lines between the state grave plots as "the radii of a common center, where a flag pole is now raised, but where it is proposed to erect a national monument".<ref>{{cite web|last=Tilberg|first=Frederick|title=The Location of the Platform From Which Lincoln Delivered the Gettysburg Address|url=http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.ph/1141406190|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212154705/http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.ph/1141406190|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 12, 2012|work=Pennsylvania History, Vol XL, No. 2|publisher=The Pennsylvania Historical Association|access-date=June 13, 2012|pages=187}}</ref> With the inclusion of this quotation Tilberg inadvertently verifies a central principle of future photographic analyses—a flagpole, rather than the speakers' platform, occupied the central point of the soldiers' graves. In fact, the precision of the photo-analyses relies upon the coincidence of position between this temporary flag pole and the future monument.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frassanito |first1=William |title=Early Photography at Gettysburg |date=1995 |publisher=Thomas Publications |location=Gettysburg, PA |isbn=978-1-57747-032-8 |page=166}}</ref>

Confusing to today's tourist, the Kentucky Memorial is contradicted by a newer marker, which was erected nearby by the Gettysburg National Military Park and locates the speakers' platform inside [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=The Gettysburg Address Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=16869|access-date=June 11, 2012|archive-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109190159/http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=16869|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, outdated National Park Service documents, which pinpoint the location as being at [[Soldiers' National Monument]], have not been systematically revised since the placement of the newer marker.<ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |orig-year=1865–69 |title=Soldiers' National Monument |url=http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?PARK=GETT&RECORDNO=516 |work=(structure ID MN288, LCS ID 009949) [[List of Classified Structures]]: GETT p. 21 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=June 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917141118/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?PARK=GETT&RECORDNO=516 |archive-date=September 17, 2012  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=National Park Service|title=FCIC: Gettysburg National Military Park|url=http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/gettysburg/g2.htm|access-date=June 12, 2012|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306120405/http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/gettysburg/g2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Miscellaneous web pages perpetuate the ''Traditional Site.''<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone Sentinels|title=Soldiers' National Monument|url=http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Other/Soldiers.php|access-date=June 19, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812130212/http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Other/Soldiers.php|archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Waymarking|title=Soldiers' National Monument|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9NW1_Soldiers_National_Monument_Gettysburg_PA|access-date=June 19, 2012|archive-date=September 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923004346/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9NW1_Soldiers_National_Monument_Gettysburg_PA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Flickr/Jericho_54|title=Gettysburg: Soldiers' National Monument|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/jericho_54/2590179174/|access-date=June 19, 2012|date=June 7, 2008|archive-date=September 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904074822/https://www.flickr.com/photos/jericho_54/2590179174/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Photo analysis===
====2D and optical stereoscopy====
[[File:Gaddress location summary.jpg|thumb]]
In 1982, Senior Park Historian Kathleen Georg Harrison analyzed photographs and proposed the location in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]], but she has not published her analysis. Speaking for Harrison without revealing details, two sources characterized her proposed location as "on or near [the] Brown family vault" in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wills|first=Garry|title=Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnatgettysb00will|url-access=registration|year=1992|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-86742-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lincolnatgettysb00will/page/209 209–210]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=The Washington Times|title=Disproving Many Historical 'Facts'|website=[[The Washington Times]]|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/apr/19/disproving-many-historical-facts/?page=1|access-date=June 17, 2013}}</ref>

In 1995, William A. Frassanito, a former military intelligence analyst, documented a comprehensive photographic analysis, which places the location of the platform with the position of specific modern headstones in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]]. According to Frassanito, the extant graves of Israel Yount (died 1892)({{Coord|39|49.180|N|77|13.845|W| type:landmark_region:US-PA_dim:30|name=grave of Israel Yount (d. 1892)}}), John Koch (died 1913)({{Coord|39|49.184|N|77|13.847|W| type:landmark_region:US-PA_dim:30|name=grave of John Koch (d. 1913)}}), and George E. Kitzmiller (died 1874)({{Coord|39|49.182|N|77|13.841|W| type:landmark_region:US-PA_dim:30|name=grave of George E. Kitzmiller (d. 1874)}}) are among those which occupy the location of the 1863 speaker's stand.{{sfn|Frassanito|1995|p=160-167}}

====3D photo-rendering and -animation====
Over a course of many years, Christopher Oakley, an assistant professor of new media at the [[University of North Carolina at Asheville]] and his students have labored to produce and relentlessly perfect "a lifelike virtual 3-D re-creation of Lincoln delivering the Gettysburg Address" as part of the Virtual Lincoln Project.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/will-the-real-abraham-lincoln-please-stand-up-3431/ | title = Will the Real Abraham Lincoln Please Stand Up? | last = Lidz | first = Frank | publisher = Smithsonian Magazine | access-date  = 22 November 2022}}</ref> One result concluded, “Placing the Platform: Using 3D Technology to Pinpoint Lincoln at Gettysburg” was presented on November 18, 2022, at the Lincoln Forum XXVII in Gettysburg.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?524210-2/2022-lincoln-forum-photo-lincoln-gettysburg |title=Photos of Lincoln at Gettysburg-Placing the Platform:Using 3D Technology to Pinpoint Lincoln at Gettysburg |last1=Oakley |first1=Christopher |date=November 18, 2022 |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] Video Library |location=Gettysburg, PA |conference=Lincoln Forum XXVII}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thelincolnforum.org/2022-symposium-schedule | title = Lincoln Forum XXVII: "Lincoln in the Civil War White House: The Politics and Personalities of a Union Divided" | publisher = The Lincoln Forum | access-date = 22 November 2022 | archive-date = November 22, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221122230821/https://www.thelincolnforum.org/2022-symposium-schedule | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As a starting point, the project modeled the topography around Cemetery Hill, the Gatehouse at Evergreen Cemetery, and the documented positions of nonextant objects, which appear in photographs, including the poplar tree, the flag pole, and the Duttera House among them, using 3-D animation software [[Autodesk Maya|Maya]]. The platform and its occupants also were modeled. The approximate positions of the cameras were placed into the 3-D environment, and the overall model was iteratively refined. By reproducing the appearance of the four known photographs, taken distantly from one another in 1863, Lincoln and the platform have been placed in virtual reality.

Oakley's model shows the platform straddling the iron fence between the Soldiers' National Cemetery and Evergreen Cemetery. It increases the size of the platform and changes its shape from rectangular, as previous researchers have maintained, to trapezoidal. The speaker's position occupies a portion of the platform over the grounds of the Soldiers' National Cemetery.<ref name=Oakley>{{Cite news |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |date=2022-11-18 |title=A Lingering Gettysburg Battle: Where Did Lincoln Stand? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/arts/lincoln-gettysburg-address-oakley.html |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>

William Frassanito's analysis is based on two of the four photographic perspectives, which were employed by Oakley to validate his 3D model. Frassanito assesses one of his sources, saying, "This view [by Weaver] was probably not taken from the second-story window of the gatehouse itself."{{sfn|Frassanito|1995|p=160}} Via enlargement of a Gardner photograph (taken from the opposite direction), John J. Richter may have identified a photographer with a camera in this exact window, thereby weakening the contribution of the Weaver photograph to Frassanito's conclusions.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://abrahamlincolnatgettysburg.wordpress.com/finding-other-photographers-at-the-gettysburg-soldiers-cemetery-dedication-on-november-19-1863/| title = Abraham Lincoln At Gettysburg: Finding Photographers and their Equipment in Gettysburg Soldiers' Cemetery Photos| last = Heberton IV| first = Craig| date = November 17, 2013| publisher = WordPress| access-date = 22 November 2022}}</ref> Oakley's proprietary 3D model utilizes the position of Weaver's camera as suggested by Richter.

===Resolution===
[[File:gaddress frassanito.jpg|thumb|Frassanito's analysis places the dedicatory platform at the graves of George Kitzmiller, Israel Yount, and John Koch. Erroneous indicators are identified in the distant background.]]
The Gettysburg National Military Park marker, consistent with the findings of various historians, identifies the private [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]], rather than public [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Soldiers' National Cemetery]], as the exact location where Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address. The [[National Park Service]], in its description of Gettysburg National Cemetery, also identifies this as the location where Lincoln spoke that day:
<blockquote>The Soldiers' National Monument, long misidentified as the spot from which Lincoln spoke, honors the fallen soldiers. [The location of the speech] was actually on the crown of this hill, a short distance on the other side of the iron fence and inside the [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]], where President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address to a crowd of some 15,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|last=National Park Service|title=National Cemetery Walking Tour|url=http://www.nps.gov/gett/planyourvisit/upload/National%20Cemetery%20brochure-2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215210613/http://www.nps.gov/gett/planyourvisit/upload/National%20Cemetery%20brochure-2.pdf |archive-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

Although Lincoln dedicated the Gettysburg National Cemetery, the monument at the center of the cemetery is unrelated to Lincoln or his famous speech. Intended to symbolize Columbia paying tribute to her fallen sons, its appreciation has been commandeered by the thirst for a tidy home for the speech.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pfanz|first=Harry W.|title=Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill|year=1993|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=0-8078-2118-7|page=375}}</ref> Freeing the Cemetery and Monument to serve their original purpose, honoring of Union departed, is as unlikely as a resolution to the location controversy and the erection of a public monument to the speech in the exclusively private [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gettysburg Discussion Group|title=Afterwards and Afterthoughts|url=http://www.gdg.org/Research/BattlefieldHistories/encafter.html|access-date=June 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231903/http://www.gdg.org/Research/BattlefieldHistories/encafter.html|archive-date=December 2, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>