Editing Gerund (section)

====Verbs followed by "gerund" pattern====

Historically, the ''-ing'' suffix was attached to a limited number of verbs to form abstract nouns, which were used as the object of verbs such as ''like''. The use was extended in various ways: the suffix became attachable to all verbs; the nouns acquired verb-like characteristics; the range of verbs allowed to introduce the form spread by analogy first to other verbs expressing emotion, then by analogy to other semantic groups of verbs associated with abstract noun objects; finally the use spread from verbs taking one-word objects to other semantically related groups verbs.<ref>Los, Bettelou. ''A Historical Syntax of English''. 2015, Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. pp 129-138</ref>

The present-day result of these developments is that the verbs followed by ''-ing'' forms tend to fall into semantic classes. The following groups have been derived from analysis of the most common verbs in the [[COBUILD]] data bank:<ref>COBUILD (1996) pp 83-86</ref>

=====Pattern 4a: ''I remember seeing her come''=====

:'LIKE' AND 'DISLIKE' GROUP
::''adore, appreciate, (cannot|) bear, (not) begrudge, detest, dislike, (cannot) endure, enjoy, hate, like, loathe, love, (not) mind, mind, prefer, relish, resent, (cannot) stand, (cannot) stomach, (not) tolerate, take to''

::''dread, (not) face. fancy, favour, fear, look forward to''

:'CONSIDER' GROUP
::''anticipate, consider, contemplate, debate, envisage, fantasise, imagine, intend, visualise''

:'REMEMBER' GROUP
::''forget, miss, recall, recollect, regret, remember, (cannot) remember''

:'RECOMMEND' GROUP
::''acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, debate, deny, describe, forbid, mention, prohibit, propose, recommend, report, suggest, urge''
 
:'INVOLVE' GROUP
::''allow, entail, involve, justify, mean, necessitate, permit, preclude, prevent, save''

:'POSTPONE' GROUP
::''defer, delay, postpone, put off''

:'NEED' GROUP
::''deserve, need, require, want''

:'RISK' GROUP
::''chance, risk''

:OTHERS WITH ''-ING'' OBJECT
::''discourage, encourage, endure, mime, practise, get away with, go into. go towards, go without, play at''

=====Pattern 5a: ''She kept coming''=====

In addition, the COBUILD team identifies four groups of verbs followed by ''-ing'' forms that are hard to class as objects. In the '''verb + ''-ing'' object''' construction the action or state expressed by the verb can be separated from the action or state expressed by the ''-ing'' form. In the following groups, the senses are inseparable, jointly expressing a single complex action or state. Some grammarians do not recognise all these patterns as '''gerund''' use.<ref>COBUILD (1996) pp 81–82</ref>
 
:'START' AND 'STOP' GROUP
::''begin, cease, come, commence, continue, finish, get, go, (not) go, keep, quit, resume, start, stop, burst out, carry on, fall about, fall to, give over, give up, go about, go around/round, go on, keep on, leave off, take to''

:'AVOID' GROUP
::''avoid, (not) bother, escape, evade, forbear, omit, (cannot) resist, shun, hold off''

:'TRY' GROUP
::''chance, risk, try''

:'GO RIDING' GROUP
::''come, go''

=====Pattern 4b: ''I remember her coming''=====
Verbs with this pattern do not normally allow the 'subject' of the ''-ing'' clause to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as *''She is remembered '''coming'''''. <br />
The COBUILD Guide analyses ''her '''coming''''' as the single object of ''I remember''.

Many of the verbs that allow pattern 4a (without object) also allow this pattern.

:'LIKE' GROUP (verbs from the above 'LIKE' AND 'DISLIKE', 'DREAD AND LOOK FORWARD TO', 'CONSIDER' and 'REMEMBER' groups)
::''anticipate, envisage, appreciate, (cannot) bear, (not) begrudge, contemplate, dislike, dread, envisage, fear, forget, hate, (will not) have, imagine, like, (not) mind, picture, recall, recollect, remember, (not) remember, resent, see, stand, tolerate, visualise, want, put up with''

:'REPORT' GROUP (subset of the above 'RECOMMEND' GROUP)
::''describe, mention, report''

:'ENTAIL' GROUP (subset of the above 'INVOLVE' GROUP)
::''entail, involve, justify, mean, necessitate''

:'STOP' GROUP (subset of the above 'START' AND 'STOP' GROUP)
::''avoid, preclude, prevent, prohibit, resist, save, stop''

:'RISK' GROUP (identical with above)
::''chance, risk''

=====Pattern 5b: ''We kept her coming''=====
In contrast to Pattern 4b, these verbs allow the 'subject' of the ''-ing'' clauses to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as ''She was kept '''coming'''.'' 
<br />
The COBUILD guide analyses ''her '''coming''''' as a string of two objects of ''We kept'':– (1)''her'' and (2)''coming''.

:'SEE' GROUP
:: ''catch, feel, find, hear, notice, observe, photograph'' (usually passive), ''picture'' (usually passive), ''see, show, watch''

:'BRING' GROUP
::''bring, have, keep, leave, send, set''

=====Pattern 6a: ''She ended up coming''=====
These verbs refer to starting, spending or ending time. <br />
The following ''-ing'' form is an adverbial, traditionally classed as a participle rather than a gerund.

::''die, end up, finish up, hang around, start off, wind up''

=====Pattern 6b: ''She wasted time coming''=====
These verbs also relate to time (and, by extension, money). The object generally expresses this concept. <br />
However, the object of ''busy'' or ''occupy'' must be a [[reflexive pronoun]], e.g., ''She busied '''herself''' coming''. <br />
The following ''-ing'' form is an adverbial, generally classed as a participle rather than a gerund.

:''begin, busy, end, finish, kill, occupy, pass, spend, start, take, waste''