Editing George Berkeley (section)

==Influence==
Berkeley's ''[[Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge]]'' was published three years before the publication of [[Arthur Collier]]'s ''Clavis Universalis'', which made assertions similar to those of Berkeley's.<ref>{{cite web |year=1852 |author=Reid T. |author-link=Thomas Reid |author2=Ed. by William Hamilton |title=The Works of Thomas Reid, now fully collected |place=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=Maclachlan and Stewart |url=https://archive.org/details/worksofthomasrei00reiduoft |access-date=1 December 2010 |page=287|postscript=,}} see: "Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man" II:X.</ref> However, there seemed to have been no influence or communication between the two writers.<ref>{{cite web
 |year= 1852
 |author= Reid T.
 |author-link=  Thomas Reid
 |author2= Ed. by William Hamilton
 |title= The Works of Thomas Reid, now fully collected
 |place= Edinburgh
 |publisher= Maclachlan and Stewart
 |url= https://archive.org/details/worksofthomasrei00reiduoft
 |access-date= 1 December 2010
 |page=464
 |postscript=,}} see: "Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man" VI:VII.
</ref>

German philosopher [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] once wrote of him: "Berkeley was, therefore, the first to treat the subjective starting-point really seriously and to demonstrate irrefutably its absolute necessity. He is the father of [[idealism]]...".<ref name = "Schopenhauer">''[[Parerga and Paralipomena]]'', Vol.&nbsp;I, "Fragments for the History of Philosophy", §&nbsp;12.</ref>

Berkeley is considered one of the originators of British [[empiricism]].<ref>[http://mind.ucsd.edu/ Rick Grush]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720080712/http://mind.ucsd.edu/syllabi/99_00/Empiricism/!syllabus.html |date=20 July 2011 }} Syllabus [http://mind.ucsd.edu/syllabi/99_00/Empiricism/!syllabus.html Empiricism (J. Locke, G. Berkeley, D. Hume)]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115110100/http://mind.ucsd.edu/syllabi/99_00/Empiricism/!syllabus.html |date=15 November 2009 }}</ref> A linear development is often traced from three great "British Empiricists", leading from Locke through Berkeley to Hume.<ref>McCracken, Charles J. and Tipton, Ian, eds., [https://books.google.com/books?id=TFa7nRdaMIYC Berkeley's Principles and Dialogues: Background Source Materials]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.&nbsp;5 ([http://www.cchla.ufrn.br/conte/berkeley-tipton.pdf The editor's Introduction]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162242/http://www.cchla.ufrn.br/conte/berkeley-tipton.pdf |date=6 July 2011 }}).</ref>

Berkeley influenced many [[Modern philosophy|modern philosophers]], especially [[David Hume]]. [[Thomas Reid]] admitted that he put forward a drastic criticism of Berkeleianism after he had been an admirer of Berkeley's philosophical system for a long time.<ref>Reid T. "Inquiry into the Human Mind", Dedication.</ref> Berkeley's "thought made possible the work of Hume and thus [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], notes [[Alfred North Whitehead]]".<ref>Cited from: Steinkraus, W. E. Berkeley, epistemology, and science // [[Idealistic Studies]]. Worcester, 1984. Vol.&nbsp;14, no.&nbsp;3. p.&nbsp;184.</ref> Some authors{{who|date=October 2016}} draw a parallel between Berkeley and [[Edmund Husserl]].{{clarify|in what respects?|date=October 2016}}<ref>Philipse, H. "Transcendental Idealism" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=1PIhzc6ZBlIC&q=%22cambridge+companion+to+husserl%22 The Cambridge Companion to Husserl]. Ed. by Barry Smith & David Woodruff Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp.&nbsp;239–322. (The paper constitutes a discussion on the relation between [[Edmund Husserl|Husserl]]'s transcendental idealism and the idealist positions of Berkeley and [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]].)</ref>

When Berkeley visited America, the American educator [[Samuel Johnson (American educator)|Samuel Johnson]] visited him, and the two later corresponded. Johnson convinced Berkeley to establish a scholarship program at Yale and to donate a large number of books, as well as his plantation, to the college when the philosopher returned to England. It was one of Yale's largest and most important donations; it doubled its library holdings, improved the college's financial position and brought Anglican religious ideas and English culture into New England.<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0742548398}}, p.&nbsp;63.</ref> Johnson also took Berkeley's philosophy and used parts of it as a framework for his own American Practical Idealism school of philosophy. As Johnson's philosophy was taught to about half the graduates of American colleges between 1743 and 1776,<ref>Olsen, Neil C., ''Pursuing Happiness: The Organizational Culture of the Continental Congress'', Nonagram Publications, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1480065505}}, p.&nbsp;179.</ref> and over half of the contributors to the ''Declaration of Independence'' were connected to it,<ref>Olsen, Neil C., ''Pursuing Happiness: The Organizational Culture of the Continental Congress'', Nonagram Publications, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1480065505}}, p.&nbsp;299.</ref> Berkeley's ideas were indirectly a foundation of the American Mind.

Outside of America, during Berkeley's lifetime, his philosophical ideas were comparatively uninfluential.<ref>See:
* {{cite book
 |last      = Bracken
 |first     = Harry M.
 |title     = The Early Reception of Berkeley's Immaterialism
 |year      = 1965
 |url       = https://archive.org/details/earlyreceptionof0000brac
 |url-access = registration
 |publisher = [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|Martinus Nijhoff]]
 |location  = The Hague
 |edition   = 1965 revision of the 1959
 |page      = [https://archive.org/details/earlyreceptionof0000brac/page/n153 1]
}}
* McCracken, Charles J. and Tipton, Ian, eds., [https://books.google.com/books?id=TFa7nRdaMIYC ''Berkeley's Principles and Dialogues: Background Source Materials'']. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.&nbsp;6 ([http://www.cchla.ufrn.br/conte/berkeley-tipton.pdf Editor's Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162242/http://www.cchla.ufrn.br/conte/berkeley-tipton.pdf |date=6 July 2011 }}).</ref> But interest in his doctrine grew from the 1870s when [[Alexander Campbell Fraser]], "the leading Berkeley scholar of the nineteenth century",<ref>Charles J. McCracken "Berkeley's Realism" // New Interpretations of Berkeley's Thought. Ed. by S.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Daniel. New York: Humanity Books, 2008, p.&nbsp;24. {{ISBN|978-1-59102-557-3}}.</ref> published ''The Works of George Berkeley''. A powerful impulse to serious studies in Berkeley's philosophy was given by [[A.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Luce]] and [[Thomas Edmund Jessop]], "two of the twentieth century's foremost Berkeley scholars",<ref>Charles J. McCracken "Berkeley's Realism", ''New Interpretations of Berkeley's Thought''. Ed. by S.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Daniel. New York: Humanity Books, 2008, p.&nbsp;25. {{ISBN|978-1-59102-557-3}}.</ref> thanks to whom Berkeley scholarship was raised to the rank of a special area of historico-philosophical science. In addition, the philosopher [[Colin Murray Turbayne]] wrote extensively on Berkeley's use of language as a model for visual, physiological, natural and metaphysical relationships.<ref>Jules David Law. ''The Rhetoric of Empiricism''. Cornell University Press, London, 1993, {{ISBN|0-8014-2706-1}}, [https://archive.org/details/rhetoricofempiri00lawj/page/98 p.&nbsp;98]<!-- quote=Colin Murray turbayne. -->.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2104957 | jstor=2104957 | title=Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind | last1=Turbayne | first1=Colin Murray | journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research | date=1959 | volume=20 | issue=1 | pages=85–92 | doi=10.2307/2104957 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42964117 | jstor=42964117 | title=Berkeley and Russell on Space | last1=Turbayne | first1=Colin Murray | journal=Dialectica | date=1954 | volume=8 | issue=3 | pages=210–227 | doi=10.1111/j.1746-8361.1954.tb01135.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2104426 | jstor=2104426 | title=Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind (Part II) | last1=Turbayne | first1=Colin Murray | journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research | date=1962 | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=383–386 | doi=10.2307/2104426 }}</ref>

The proportion of Berkeley scholarship, in literature on the history of philosophy, is increasing. This can be judged from the most comprehensive bibliographies on George Berkeley. During the period of 1709–1932, about 300 writings on Berkeley were published. That amounted to 1.5 publications per year. During the course of 1932–1979, over one thousand works were brought out, i.e., 20 works per year. Since then, the number of publications has reached 30 per annum.<ref>See:
* ''Jessop T. E.'', ''[[A. A. Luce|Luce A. A.]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=DW4D_iR2KXwC A bibliography of George Berkeley]. 2nd ed., Springer, 1973. {{ISBN|978-90-247-1577-0}}.
* ''[[Colin Murray Turbayne|Turbayne C. M.]]'' A Bibliography of George Berkeley 1963–1979 // [https://books.google.com/books?id=RExF10reT9wC&q=Turbayne Berkeley: Critical and Interpretive Essays] (EPUP, [[Google Books]]) Ed. by C.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Turbayne. Manchester, 1982. pp.&nbsp;313–329.
* Parigi, Silvia. [http://people.hsc.edu/berkeleystudies/berkbib.php ''Berkeley Bibliography (1979–2010)'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703153610/http://people.hsc.edu/berkeleystudies/berkbib.php |date=3 July 2013 }}</ref> In 1977 publication began in Ireland of a special journal on Berkeley's life and thought (''[[Berkeley Studies]]''). In 1988, the Australian philosopher [[Colin Murray Turbayne]] established the International Berkeley Essay Prize Competition at the [[University of Rochester]] in an effort to advance scholarship and research on the works of Berkeley.<ref>[http://internationalberkeleysociety.org/turbayne-essay-prize/ International Berkeley Society – Turbayne Essay Prize] on internationalberkeleysociety.org.</ref><ref>[http://www.sas.rochester.edu/phl/about/prize.html University of Rochester – Department of Philosophy – George Berkeley Essay Prize Competition] on sas.rochester.edu.</ref>

Other than philosophy, Berkeley also influenced modern psychology with his work on John Locke's theory of association and how it could be used to explain how humans gain knowledge in the physical world. He also used the theory to explain perception, stating that all qualities were, as Locke would call them, "secondary qualities", therefore perception laid entirely in the perceiver and not in the object. These are both topics today studied in modern psychology.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of Modern Psychology |last=Schultz |first=Duane P. |publisher=Thomas Higher Education |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-495-09799-0 |location=Belmont, CA |edition=9th}}</ref>