Editing Galen (section)

===Medieval Islam===
{{further|Medicine in the medieval Islamic world}}
[[File:Galen in Kitab al-diryaq, Vienna AF 10.jpg|thumb|Galen ({{langx|ar|جالينوس|translit=Jalinus}}) in ''[[Kitab al-Dariyak]]'', 1225–1250, Syria. Vienna AF 10, Syria.]]
[[File:Kitab al-Dariyaq, folio 26.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Kitab al-Dariyak]]'' was allegedly based on the work of Galen. Here, [[Andromachus the Elder]] on horseback, questioning a patient who has received a snake bite. ''Kitab al-Dariyak'', 1198–1199, Syria.<ref name="OP">{{cite journal |last1=Pancaroǧlu |first1=Oya |title=Socializing Medicine: Illustrations of the Kitāb al-diryāq |journal=Muqarnas |date=2001 |volume=18 |pages=155–172 |doi=10.2307/1523306 |jstor=1523306 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523306 |issn=0732-2992}}</ref>]]
Galen's approach to medicine became and remains influential in the Islamic world. The first major translator of Galen into Arabic was the Arab Christian [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]]. He translated ({{Circa|830–870|lk=no}}) 129 works of "Jalinos"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012180439/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7100.html|url-status=dead|title=All Books|archivedate=12 October 2008|website=press.princeton.edu}}</ref> into [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. Arabic sources, such as [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|Muhammad ibn Zakarīya al-Rāzi]] (AD 865–925), continue to be the source of discovery of new or relatively inaccessible Galenic writings.<ref name="nuttonchoice"/> One of Hunayn's Arabic translations, ''Kitab ila Aglooqan fi Shifa al Amrad'', which is extant in the Library of [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences|Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences]], is regarded as a masterpiece of Galen's literary works. A part of the Alexandrian compendium of Galen's work, this 10th-century manuscript comprises two parts that include details regarding various types of fevers (Humyat) and different inflammatory conditions of the body. More important is that it includes details of more than 150 single and compound formulations of both herbal and animal origin. The book provides an insight into understanding the traditions and methods of treatment in the Greek and Roman eras. In addition, this book provides a direct source for the study of more than 150 single and compound drugs used during the Greco-Roman period.

As the title of ''Doubts on Galen'' by al-Rāzi implies, as well as the writings of physicians such as [[Ibn Zuhr]] and [[Ibn al-Nafis]],<ref>{{cite journal|author = Reflections Chairman's|year = 2004|title = Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting|journal = Heart Views|volume = 5|issue = 2|pages = 74–85 [80]}}</ref> the works of Galen were not accepted unquestioningly, but as a challengeable basis for further [[Scientific method|inquiry]]. A strong emphasis on [[experiment]]ation and [[empiricism]] led to new results and new observations, which were contrasted and combined with those of Galen by writers such as al-Rāzi, [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]], [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]], [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna), Ibn Zuhr, and Ibn al-Nafis. For example, Ibn al-Nafis' discovery of the [[pulmonary circulation]] contradicted the Galenic theory on the heart.<ref name="Dabbagh">{{cite journal|author = Al-Dabbagh S. A.|year = 1978|title = Ibn Al-Nafis and the pulmonary circulation|journal = The Lancet|volume = 311|issue = 8074|page = 1148|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90318-5|pmid = 77431|s2cid = 43154531}}</ref>

The influence of Galen's writings, including humorism, remains strong in modern [[Unani medicine]], now closely identified with Islamic culture, and widely practiced from India (where it is officially recognized) to Morocco.<ref>Unani Tibb. [[Science Museum, London]]. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/unanitibb.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010154455/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/unanitibb.aspx|date=10 October 2015}} accessed 29 November 2015.</ref>
[[Moses Maimonides|Maimonides]] was influenced by Galen, whom he cited most often in his medical works, and whom he considered to be the greatest [[physician]] of all time.<ref>T. M. Rudavsky, Maimonides, p 6.</ref><ref>Moshe Halbertal, Maimonides: Life and Thought, p 71.</ref> In India many Hindu physicians studied Persian and Urdu languages and learnt Galenic medicine. This trend of studies among Hindu physicians began in the 17th century and lasted until the early 20th century (Speziale 2018).