Editing G protein-coupled receptor (section)

====GPCR-independent signaling by heterotrimeric G-proteins====

Although it is a relatively immature area of research, it appears that heterotrimeric G-proteins may also take part in non-GPCR signaling. There is evidence for roles as signal transducers in nearly all other types of receptor-mediated signaling, including [[integrins]], [[receptor tyrosine kinases]] (RTKs), [[cytokine receptors]] ([[JAK-STAT signaling pathway|JAK/STATs]]), as well as modulation of various other "accessory" proteins such as [[guanine nucleotide exchange factor|GEFs]], [[guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors|guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitors]] (GDIs) and [[protein phosphatases]]. There may even be specific proteins of these classes whose primary function is as part of GPCR-independent pathways, termed activators of G-protein signalling (AGS). Both the ubiquity of these interactions and the importance of Gα vs. Gβγ subunits to these processes are still unclear.